Determination of the Optimal Syndesmosis Fixation Angle Using Mortise View of The Ankle Joint

Background: Syndesmosis is an important soft tissue component supporting the ankle stability and commonly injured accompanying with ankle fractures. The accurate reduction and fixation of syndesmosis is essential to obtain better functional results. Therefore, we aimed to find a practical method using the mortise view of ankle to determine the optimal syndesmosis fixation angle intraoperatively. Methods: We randomly selected 200 adults (100 women and 100 men) between 18 - 60 years of age. Three-dimensional anatomical models of tibia and fibula were created using Materialise MIMICS 21. We created a best fit plane on articular surface of medial malleolus and a ninety degrees vertical plane to medial malleolus plane. We determined two splines on cortical borders of tibia and fibula distant from the most superior point of ankle joint in horizontal view. We created two spheres that fit to the predefined splines. The optimal syndesmosis fixation angle was determined measuring the angle between the line connecting the center points of spheres, and the ninety degrees vertical plane to medial malleolus plane. Results: We observed no statistically significant difference between gender groups in terms of optimal syndesmosis fixation angles. The mean age of our study population was 47.1 {plus minus} 10.5. The optimal syndesmosis fixation angle according to mortise view was found as 21 {plus minus} 4.3 degrees. Conclusions: We determined the optimal syndesmosis fixation angle as 21 {plus minus} 4.3 degrees in accordance with the mortise view of ankle. The surgeon could evaluate the whole articular surface of ankle joint with the medial and lateral syndesmotic space in mortise view accurately and at the same position syndesmosis fixation could be performed at 21 {plus minus} 4.3 degrees.

“Felt responsibility”: a mediator for balancing NGOs’ upward and downward accountability

Purpose This study aims to investigate how non-government organisation (NGO) managers balance accountability to donors and beneficiaries and the role of felt responsibility in this process. Design/methodology/approach Using concepts of accountability theory, practices of microenterprise development NGOs are examined in two countries – Bangladesh and Indonesia – through interviews with managers of 20 NGOs and analysis of NGOs’ publicly available data. Findings Findings show a shift in emphasis from a vertical view (upward to donors and downward to beneficiaries) to a horizontal view of NGO accountability. Under this view, a selective approach to donors whose mission and approaches to poverty alleviation aligned with those of the NGOs played an essential role in supporting NGOs’ internal accountability. Further, felt a responsibility to beneficiaries is identified as an important mediator balancing both upward and downward accountability. While accountability to donors and beneficiaries was interrelated, accountability to donors was considered a short-term objective and accountability to beneficiaries was considered a long-term and overriding objective. Originality/value Findings contribute a further understanding of the role of felt responsibility to beneficiaries as a mediator for balancing upward and downward accountability based on the perspectives of NGO managers. Reframing accountability through a horizontal view helps to balance multiple directions of NGO accountability: to self, donors and beneficiaries.

Evaluation of capillary density in psoriasis: An intrapatient study and literature review

Background Dilated and tortuous vessels within elongated dermal papillae represent a histopathological clue of psoriasis. However, the number of dilated capillaries (capillary density) in psoriasis remains undefined as the results from the available studies differ significantly. Objectives To evaluate the capillary density in psoriasis using dermoscopy and horizontal histopathological sections (HHS), two techniques that share the horizontal view of the skin, and to compare the results with the existing data. Methods Twenty adult patients with stable plaque psoriasis were enrolled and, in each patient, a target area of the examined plaque, previously engraved by gently rotating a 5-mm biopsy punch device, underwent dermoscopy and biopsy for HHS. In all examined fields, capillary density was evaluated in a centered 4-mm diameter area, counting the number of red dots at dermoscopy and of dermal papillae at HHS. Results A total of 20 target lesions located on the trunk, arms and tights were evaluated. The mean capillary density resulting from dermoscopy was 43.02±6.60/mm 2 whereas that from HHS was 50.30±9.05/mm 2. These data showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.006), with a strong correlation at Pearson’s test (r = 0.88). Conclusions Our results when compared with those from the existing literature showed some differences. The peculiarity of our work is represented by the precise measurement and correlation of the capillary density using two different methods, as the preliminary skin engraving allowed a perfect match between the area undergoing dermoscopy and that of skin sampling for HHS. Compared to dermoscopy in which deep-located vessels might have gone undetected, HHS seems to reflect more precisely and reliably the real capillary density showing an average of 50 capillaries/mm 2 that in a common 5x5 cm psoriatic patch corresponds to an average of 125.000 capillaries. These results highlight the extraordinary potential of psoriatic skin to develop such a complex and intricate vascular network.

Closed Theories, Falsificationism and Non-Cumulative Progress

It is argued that scientific progress occurs not with the cumulative growth of knowledge or when theories get closer to the truth but with discovering new domains and new theories that fit these domains. This horizontal view on the direction of scientific progress (in contrast to vertical, when we aim to get from here to the abstract and ephemeral truth) allows avoiding traditional objections posed by the incommensurability thesis and pessimistic induction, namely, that radical theory changes leave no room for progress. According to this perspective, the discovery of quantum mechanics as a new field of inquiry is a progress in itself, since this discovery had opened up a new distinctive domain of physics and a new theory that fits this domain. While some perspectives on scientific progress maintain that there is a need for correspondence between competing theories, we shift the emphasis from correspondence towards the discovery of new domains and new theories that apply to those domains. This approach allows overcoming the problem of theoretical discontinuity after scientific revolutions. Correspondence between theories is an important but not necessary condition for progress, while the falsifiability of theories as a means of demonstrating the boundaries of old theories and domains and beginnings of the new domains and theories (instead of being merely a means of refutation) is a necessary condition.

Complementary-View Multiple Human Tracking

The global trajectories of targets on ground can be well captured from a top view in a high altitude, e.g., by a drone-mounted camera, while their local detailed appearances can be better recorded from horizontal views, e.g., by a helmet camera worn by a person. This paper studies a new problem of multiple human tracking from a pair of top- and horizontal-view videos taken at the same time. Our goal is to track the humans in both views and identify the same person across the two complementary views frame by frame, which is very challenging due to very large field of view difference. In this paper, we model the data similarity in each view using appearance and motion reasoning and across views using appearance and spatial reasoning. Combing them, we formulate the proposed multiple human tracking as a joint optimization problem, which can be solved by constrained integer programming. We collect a new dataset consisting of top- and horizontal-view video pairs for performance evaluation and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

An improved morphological staging method of midpalatal suture and its relationship with cervical vertebrate maturation (CVM) method

Background (1) Establish an improved morphological staging method of midpalatal suture. (2) Investigate the correlation between morphological stages of midpalatal suture (MPS stage) and cervical vertebrate maturation (CVM) stages. (3) Compare effects of traditional tooth-borne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) at different MPS stages. Methods 1076 CBCT images (675 females, 401 males, 6.0 to 21.0 years old) are included. MPS stages are classified based on observation of horizontal view. Correlation between MPS stage and CVM stage are investigated by Spearman correlation coefficient and diagnostic test analysis. Effects of traditional tooth-borne RME at different MPS stages were analyzed based on pre- and post-expansion dental casts. Results Five stages of midpalatal suture are established. Spearman coefficient between MPS stage and CVM stage is 0.803. Diagnostic pairs with the largest area under ROC curve (AUC) value are: CS 6 - MPS 5,CS 5 - MPS 4s2,CS 1 - MPS 1, CS 4 - MPS 4s1, CS 2 - MPS 1, CS 3 - MPS 3. 309/340 (90.9%) of individuals at CS 1-3 are at MPS 1-3, 31/340 (9.1%) are at MPS 4s1. 107/324 (31.2%) of individuals at CS 4 are at MPS 3, 151/324 (46.6%) are at MPS 4s1. Conclusion (1) An improved morphological staging method of midpalatal suture is established. (2) MPS stages have close relationship with CVM stages. (3) Pre-treatment CBCT is recommended for individuals at CS 4 to estimate the possibility of skeletal expansion with traditional tooth-borne RME.

An intuitive explanation of dermoscopic structures by digitally reconstructed pathological horizontal top-down view images

Dermoscopy is a convenient tool to diagnose melanocytic lesions, especially nevus and melanoma. Various pigmented structures, including pigment network, dots and globules, and streaks, are observed in dermoscopy. Usually, 2D vertical images are used to explain the correlation of dermoscopy and histopathology. However, because the image of dermoscopy is horizontal, it is difficult for the horizontal view of dermoscopy to refer to the vertical view of histopathology. In our study, we digitally reconstructed 2D horizontal top-down view images and 3D aerial images from 50–100 serial 2D vertical sections by using high-speed scanner and 3D software in 6 cases of melanocytic lesion. Our new technology intuitively explained the histopathological structures corresponding to the dermoscopic structures. This technique could be used as a good educational tool for beginners.

Un desplazamiento virtual y visual al espacio híbrido a través de la figura del flâneur

Este artículo se propone rescatar la figura del flâneur para adaptarla a los nuevos espacios generados por el uso de las nuevas tecnologías, recuperando la actividad de caminar como experiencia estética, esta vez en un espacio híbrido donde cuerpo, tecnología y ciudad se combinan para obtener nuevos puntos de vista y ofrecer nuevas experiencias en el espacio, planteando un desplazamiento desde el espacio virtual al espacio físico; una mirada vertical que se va distanciando, desde la invención de la perspectiva en el Renacimiento, hasta la actualidad, donde el globo terráqueo se presenta como un espacio abarcable y visualmente transitable a través de una interfaz. Frente a la experiencia vertical y virtual que permite sobrevolar el espacio, se propone un aterrizaje para experimentar la visión horizontal, que es la mirada del flâneur, quien utiliza el cuerpo y esta vez la tecnología, para, a través del movimiento producido por el acto de caminar, establecer un contacto directo con la ciudad y sus habitantes y así re-conocer un entorno que se presenta cada vez más abstracto.Palabras-Clave: FLÂNEUR; CIUDAD; FÍSICO; DIGITAL; HÍBRIDO A virtual and visual shift to the hybrid space through the figure of flâneurAbstractThis article aims to rescue the figure of the flâneur to adapt it to the new spaces generated by the use of new technologies, recovering the activity of walking as an aesthetic practice, this time in a hybrid space where body, technology and city are combined to get new viewpoints and offer new experiences in the space, posing a displacement from the virtual to physical space; a vertical look to be moving away from the invention of perspective in the Renaissance to the present, where the globe is presented as an understandable and visually passable through an interface space. Faced with the vertical and virtual experience that allows flying over space, a landing to experience horizontal view, that is the gaze of the flâneur, who uses the body and this time the technology is proposed to, through movement produced by the act of walking, establish direct contact with the city and its inhabitants and thus recognize an environment that is increasingly abstract.Keywords: FLÂNEUR; CITY; PHYSICAL; DIGITAL; HYBRID

Visions “humaines” ou “infernales”: les moyens de transport et la perception de la ville chez Le Corbusier

Résumé: Les représentations des villes depuis la mer ont eu, à partir du XVe siècle, un grand succès dans l’iconographie urbaine des voyageurs. Depuis 1911, Le Corbusier a pris l’habitude d’esquisser dans ses carnets de croquis les paysages urbains découverts au cours de son voyage en Orient. Villes, remparts ou monuments significatifs sont souvent représentés depuis la mer ou les fleuves, car l'arrivée en bateau autorise une perception progressive et globale du site. Suite à son séjour en Amérique du sud en 1929, l'architecte exprime ouvertement son appréciation pour la perspective obtenue depuis le bateau au milieu des baies, car ce point de vue lui permet de contextualiser immédiatement ses propositions d’aménagement urbain. De simple connaissance des villes, cette pratique iconographique devient, chez Le Corbusier, un instrument d’élaboration du projet. Mais la vue horizontale est bientôt accompagnée du procédé de survol des centres urbains pour appréhender la grandeur du paysage naturel et construit. À travers l’analyse des nombreuses images – dessins, croquis, photos – élaborées par Le Corbusier à partir des différents moyens de transport, ainsi que des commentaires accompagnant ces documents iconographiques et de quelques textes publiés, on essayera de mieux comprendre le rapport entre l’échelle de ces visions panoramiques et la nouvelle approche territoriale mise au point par Le Corbusier à partir des années Trente. Abstract: The representations of cities viewed from the sea have had, since the fifteenth century, a great success in urban iconography. From 1911, Le Corbusier began drawing urban landscapes in his sketchbooks, which he discovered during his trip to the Orient. Cities, fortifications or significant monuments are often depicted from the sea or rivers, because the arrival by boat allows a gradual and overall perception of the site. After his stay in South America in 1929, the architect openly expressed his appreciation for the panoramic view obtained from the boat in the middle of the bay. This point of view allows him to contextualize his urban development proposals immediately. This iconographic practice is no longer a simple function of knowledge, but it has become an instrument for realising the project. However, the horizontal view was soon accompanied by the process of flying over urban centres to understand the magnitude of the man-made and natural landscape. Through the analysis of the many images – drawings, sketches, photos – developed by Le Corbusier using different means of transport, of comments accompanying these iconographic documents and of some published texts, the paper aims to better understand the relationship between the scale of these panoramic visions and the new territorial approach developed by Le Corbusier from the Thirties onwards. Mots clés: moyens de transport; avion; bateau. Keywords: means of transport; airplane; boat DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.821