The inositol pyrophosphates 5-InsP7(diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate) and 1,5-InsP8(bis-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate) are highly energetic cellular signals interconverted by the diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate kinases (PPIP5Ks). Here, we used CRISPR to KO PPIP5Ks in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. This procedure eliminates 1,5-InsP8and raises 5-InsP7levels threefold. Expression of p53 and p21 was up-regulated; proliferation and G1/S cell-cycle transition slowed. Thus, PPIP5Ks are potential targets for tumor therapy. Deletion of the PPIP5Ks elevated [ATP] by 35%; both [ATP] and [5-InsP7] were restored to WT levels by overexpression of PPIP5K1, and a kinase-compromised PPIP5K1 mutant had no effect. This covariance of [ATP] with [5-InsP7] provides direct support for an energy-sensing attribute (i.e., 1 mMKmfor ATP) of the 5-InsP7–generating inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks). We consolidate this conclusion by showing that 5-InsP7levels are elevated on direct delivery of ATP into HCT116 cells using liposomes. Elevated [ATP] inPPIP5K−/−HCT116 cells is underpinned by increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced glycolysis. To distinguish between 1,5-InsP8and 5-InsP7as drivers of the hypermetabolic and p53-elevated phenotypes, we usedIP6K2RNAi and the pan-IP6K inhibitor,N2-(m-trifluorobenzyl),N6-(p-nitrobenzyl) purine (TNP), to return 5-InsP7levels inPPIP5K−/−cells to those of WT cells without rescuing 1,5-InsP8levels. Attenuation of IP6K restored p53 expression but did not affect the hypermetabolic phenotype. Thus, we conclude that 5-InsP7regulates p53 expression, whereas 1,5-InsP8regulates ATP levels. These findings attribute hitherto unsuspected functionality for 1,5-InsP8to bioenergetic homeostasis.
In situ Proteomic Profiling of Curcumin Targets in HCT116 Colon Cancer Cell Line
