In the present study, we observed that the Golgi-SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-attachment protein receptor) GS28 forms a complex with p53 in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells. Given that p53 represents a tumour suppressor that affects the sensitivity of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs, we examined whether GS28 may influence the level of sensitivity to the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin. Indeed, knockdown of GS28 using short-hairpin RNA (shGS28) induced resistance to cisplatin in HEK-293 cells. On the other hand, overexpression of GS28 sensitized HEK-293 cells to cisplatin, whereas no sensitization effect was noted for the mitotic spindle-damaging drugs vincristine and taxol. Accordingly, we observed that knockdown of GS28 reduced the accumulation of p53 and its pro-apoptotic target Bax. Conversely, GS28 overexpression induced the accumulation of p53 and Bax as well as the pro-apoptotic phosphorylation of p53 on Ser46. Further experiments showed that these cellular responses could be abrogated by the p53 inhibitor PFT-α (pifithrin-α), indicating that GS28 may affect the stability and activity of p53. The modulatory effects of GS28 on cisplatin sensitivity and p53 stability were absent in lung cancer H1299 cells which are p53-null. As expected, ectopic expression of p53 in H1299 cells restored the modulatory effects of GS28 on sensitivity to cisplatin. In addition, GS28 was found to form a complex with the p53 E3 ligase MDM2 (murine double minute 2) in H1299 cells. Furthermore, the ubiquitination of p53 was reduced by overexpression of GS28 in cells, confirming that GS28 enhances the stability of the p53 protein. Taken together, these results suggest that GS28 may potentiate cells to DNA-damage-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the ubiquitination and degradation of p53.
Individual and combined use of ginsenoside F2 and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside attenuates H2O2-induced apoptosis in HEK-293 cells via the NF-κB pathway