Plasma Catecholamine Responses to Change of Posture in Alcoholics during Withdrawal and after Continued Abstinence from Alcohol

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Eisenhofer ◽  
E. A. Whiteside ◽  
R. H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Orthostatic Hypotension ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Abstinence From Alcohol

1. Plasma catecholamine, blood pressure and heart rate responses to standing were measured in ten alcoholics during withdrawal, ten alcoholics after 2–7 weeks of abstinence from alcohol, six abstinent alcoholics with orthostatic hypotension and ten normal control subjects. 2. Withdrawing alcoholics had supine and standing heart rates and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations that were higher than in abstinent alcoholics or control subjects. Supine blood pressures were also higher in withdrawing alcoholics than in abstinent alcoholics or control subjects, but on standing blood pressures in withdrawing alcoholics fell, four patients having a fall of more than 30/5 mmHg. 3. Abstinent alcoholics without orthostatic hypotension had higher basal and standing concentrations of noradrenaline than control subjects but normal heart rates and adrenaline concentrations. 4. Abstinent alcoholics with orthostatic hypotension showed a wide range of basal plasma noradrenaline concentrations and were found to have variable plasma noradrenaline responses to standing, three subjects having normal responses and three subjects having no or little increase in plasma noradrenaline on standing. 5. It is concluded that alcohol withdrawal is associated with increased sympathetic nervous activity, as reflected by raised supine and standing plasma concentrations of catecholamines, and that even after 2–7 weeks of abstinence from alcohol plasma noradrenaline concentrations may be higher than in control subjects. Despite increased sympathetic nervous responses to standing, alcoholics during withdrawal have impaired blood pressure control and some may exhibit orthostatic hypotension. Orthostatic hypotension may also be observed in alcoholics during continuing abstinence from alcohol; in some of these patients failure of reflex noradrenaline release in response to standing may contribute to orthostatic hypotension.

Role of Autonomic Nervous System in Maintenance of Cerebral and Renal Hypertension

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Rothman ◽  
Douglas R. Drury
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Renal Hypertension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Peripheral Vasculature ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

The blood pressure responses to various drugs were investigated in renal hypertensive, cerebral hypertensive and normotensive rabbits. Hexamethonium bromide and Dibenamine reduced the blood pressures of renal and cerebral hypertensives. Effects in the normal were insignificant. The cerebral hypertensive's blood pressure was slightly affected by benzodioxane. Blood pressure was not reduced at all in the other groups. Blood pressure of the renal hypertensive rabbit was greatly reduced by Veriloid and dihydroergocornine. Blood pressures of cerebral and normal animals were affected to a lesser degree. The results suggest that maintenance of hypertension in the cerebral hypertensive rabbit depends on an overactive sympathetic nervous system, possibly due to the release of medullary pressor centers from inhibitory impulses originating in higher centers; whereas, the maintenance of hypertension in the renal hypertensive rabbit may be attributed to an increased reactivity of the peripheral vasculature to a normal sympathetic tone.

Beat-by-beat modulation of AV conduction. I. Heart rate and respiratory influences

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (6) ◽  
pp. H1126-H1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Warner ◽  
J. M. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Atrial Pacing ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Av Conduction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cyclic Changes

We examined the integration of heart rate and neural influences at the atrioventricular (AV) node in conscious dogs. Animals were anesthetized and, under sterile conditions, instrumented to chronically record atrial and ventricular electrograms and blood pressure. In the conscious state, electrocardiogram (ECG), respiration, blood pressure, and electrograms were recorded on a beat-by-beat basis, and heart rate and AV interval were plotted graphically as a function of time. Resting animals exhibited both respiratory sinus arrhythmia and marked oscillations in AV conduction time associated with respiration. During inspiration AV interval was shortened, and during expiration AV interval was prolonged. To obviate the effect of cyclic changes in heart rate, atrial pacing was used to increase heart rate over a wide range both abruptly and linearly. Regardless of the pattern of heart rate change, AV interval oscillated at the respiratory frequency at pacing rates 10-100 beats/min above control. Higher levels of atrial pacing resulted in AV conduction patterns that were correlated with changes in blood pressure. Thus in the conscious dog variations in AV conduction time occur on a beat-by-beat basis in conjunction with respiration; oscillatory activity of AV conduction is not dependent on simultaneous changes in heart rate; and during atrial pacing, autonomic neural activity associated with respiration and blood pressure appears to dynamically modulate AV conduction with respiratory effects predominating at low heart rates and blood pressure effects at high heart rates.

scholarly journals Effects of AT1A receptor deletion on blood pressure and sodium excretion during altered dietary salt intake

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (3) ◽  
pp. F447-F453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Mangrum ◽  
R. Ariel Gomez ◽  
Victoria F. Norwood
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Pressure Natriuresis

The present study was performed to investigate the role of type 1A ANG II (AT1A) receptors in regulating sodium balance and blood pressure maintenance during chronic dietary sodium variations in AT1A receptor-deficient (−/−) mice. Groups of AT1A (−/−) and wild-type mice were placed on a low (LS)-, normal (NS)-, or high-salt (HS) diet for 3 wk. AT1A(−/−) mice on an LS diet had high urinary volume and low blood pressure despite increased renin and aldosterone levels. On an HS diet, (−/−) mice demonstrated significant diuresis, yet blood pressure increased to levels greater than control littermates. There was no effect of dietary sodium intake on systolic blood pressures in wild-type animals. The pressure-natriuresis relationship in AT1A (−/−) mice demonstrated a shift to the left and a decreased slope compared with wild-type littermates. These studies demonstrate that mice lacking the AT1A receptor have blood pressures sensitive to changes in dietary sodium, marked alterations of the pressure-natriuresis relationship, and compensatory mechanisms capable of maintaining normal sodium balance across a wide range of sodium intakes.

Comparison of physiological responses of women and men to isometric exercise

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Petrofsky ◽  
R. L. Burse ◽  
A. R. Lind
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
The Difference

The volunteers for this study were 83 women, aged 19–65 yr, drawn from several different occupations. Three minutes after exerting maximal handgrip strength (MVC) each subject held a tension of 40 percent MVC to fatigue. Blood pressures and heart rates were measured before, during, and after the endurance of contraction. Age was associated with a reduction of strength of the women, whereas their endurance at 40 percent at 40 per cent MVC increased. There was evidence that menopause enhanced those age effects for strength and endurance. At rest, age was associated with a decreased heart rate. As expected, the heart rates of all the women increased during the endurance contraction. But that increase was greater for the younger than for the older women, thereby exaggerating the difference due to age already seen at rest. Systolic blood pressure at rest was higher with age and, in a similar manner, that relationship was also exaggerated throughout the isometric contraction. Diastolic blood pressure, however, was not changed with age at rest, and although the diastolic pressure increased during the isometric exercise, the rate of increase was unaffected by age. The results obtained are compared with those from a similarly large number of men examined in identical circumstances.

Relation of Plasma Noradrenaline to Blood Pressure, Age, Sex and Sodium Balance in Patients with Stable Essential Hypertension and in Normotensive Subjects

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (s4) ◽  
pp. 81s-83s ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Brecht ◽  
W. Schoeppe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Normotensive Control

1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in 125 patients with stable essential hypertension (WHO I—II) and in 107 normotensive control subjects lying and standing. 2. In normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension no sex-related differences of plasma noradrenaline were found between age-matched groups. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was not related to sodium balance indexed by urinary sodium/creatinine ratio. 4. In patients with essential hypertension plasma noradrenaline increases with age. 5. Mean plasma noradrenaline concentrations are significantly higher in patients with essential hypertension compared with age-matched normotensive subjects both lying and standing. 6. In patients with essential hypertension diastolic blood pressure and heart rate correlated significantly with supine plasma noradrenaline concentrations.

Cardiovascular and Autonomic Reflexes in Haemodialysis Patients

1981 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Naik ◽  
C. J. Mathias ◽  
C. A. Wilson ◽  
J. L. Reid ◽  
D. J. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Valsalva Manoeuvre ◽  
Induced Hypotension ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Head Up Tilt ◽  
And Control ◽  
Noradrenaline Levels

1. Blood pressure and heart rate responses to head-up tilt, standing, the Valsalva manoeuvre, sustained handgrip and cutaneous cold were measured in 27 haemodialysis patients (10 of whom had episodes of haemodialysis-induced hypotension) and 15 control subjects to assess autonomic nervous function. Plasma nor-adrenaline levels were measured at rest and during head-up tilt. 2. Mean resting supine blood pressure, heart rate and plasma noradrenaline levels were higher in haemodialysis patients than in the control subjects. There was no fall in blood pressure during head-up tilt or standing. The ratio of the R-R intervals of the thirtieth and the fifteenth heart beat after standing (30: 15) was lower in the patients; this may be related to their higher resting heart rate. Head-up tilt raised plasma noradrenaline levels in both groups. Heart rate responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre were similar in the patients and control subjects. 3. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate responses to sustained handgrip were similar in both groups. Diastolic and mean blood pressure changes, however, were lower in the patients. The blood pressure and heart rate responses to cutaneous cold were similar in the patients and control subjects. 4. We conclude that generalized autonomic nervous dysfunction does not appear to cause haemodialysis-induced hypotension in patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis.

Pentobarbital effects on plasma catecholamines: temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. E95-E100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Baum ◽  
J. B. Halter ◽  
G. J. Taborsky ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

The effects of intravenous pentobarbital were studied in dogs. Plasma pentobarbital concentrations were inversely related to epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Plasma catecholamines appeared fully suppressed at pentobarbital levels greater than 25-30 micrograms/ml. Furthermore, pentobarbital levels were negatively related to rectal temperature, heart rate, and mean blood pressure. The methods of pentobarbital administration influenced plasma pentobarbital as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. These observations suggest the possibility that pentobarbital inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn may affect temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Because pentobarbital anesthesia affects plasma catecholamine concentrations, the regimen used in animal models requires consideration when interpreting data potentially influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.

scholarly journals Nifedipine-Sensitive Blood Pressure Component in Hypertensive Models Characterized by High Activity of Either Sympathetic Nervous System or Renin-Angiotensin System

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ZICHA ◽  
Z. DOBEŠOVÁ ◽  
M. BEHULIAK ◽  
M. PINTÉROVÁ ◽  
J. KUNEŠ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

High blood pressure (BP) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is maintained by enhanced activity of sympathetic nervous system (SNS), whereas that of Ren-2 transgenic rats (Ren-2 TGR) by increased activity of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, both types of hypertension are effectively attenuated by chronic blockade of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC). The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the magnitude of BP response elicited by acute nifedipine administration is proportional to the alterations of particular vasoactive systems (SNS, RAS, NO) known to modulate L-VDCC activity. We therefore studied these relationships not only in SHR, in which mean arterial pressure was modified in a wide range of 100-210 mm Hg by chronic antihypertensive treatment (captopril or hydralazine) or its withdrawal, but also in rats with augmented RAS activity such as homozygous Ren-2 TGR, pertussis toxin-treated SHR or L-NAME-treated SHR. In all studied groups the magnitude of BP response to nifedipine was proportional to actual BP level and it closely correlated with BP changes induced by acute combined blockade of RAS and SNS. BP response to nifedipine is also closely related to the degree of relative NO deficiency. This was true for both SNS- and RAS-dependent forms of genetic hypertension, suggesting common mechanisms responsible for enhanced L-VDCC opening and/or their upregulation in hypertensive animals. In conclusions, BP response to nifedipine is proportional to the vasoconstrictor activity exerted by both SNS and RAS, indicating a key importance of these two pressor systems for actual L-VDCC opening necessary for BP maintenance.

Plasma Dopamine β-Hydroxylase and Noradrenaline Amounts in Essential Hypertension

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Geffen ◽  
R. A. Rush ◽  
W. J. Louis ◽  
A. E. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Plasma Noradrenaline ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

1. Plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) amounts were measured by radioimmunoassay in twenty-eight patients, twenty of whom had essential hypertension. There was a positive correlation between resting diastolic blood pressure and plasma DβH concentration. 2. Plasma DβH amounts also correlated significantly with those of plasma noradrenaline (NA) in individual patients. 3. These findings provide further support for the conclusions drawn from studies of plasma catecholamines that the sympathetic nervous system contributes toward the maintenance of the elevated blood pressure in essential hypertension.

Afferent baroreflex dysfunction and age-related orthostatic hypotension

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (s25) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Tonkin ◽  
L. M. H. Wing ◽  
M. J. Morris ◽  
V. Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Orthostatic Hypotension ◽  
Autonomic Neuropathy ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Head Up Tilt ◽  
Elderly Control

1. To test the hypothesis that in apparently healthy elderly subjects with orthostatic hypotension there is afferent baroreflex dysfunction, cardiovascular and neurohumoral responses were measured after separate stimuli which activated baroreceptor (head-up tilt) and non-baroreceptor (cold stress, isometric exercise) afferent pathways. 2. In 15 healthy elderly control subjects blood pressure did not change with 60° head-up tilting and there was a moderate increase in heart rate, whereas in 13 subjects with age-related orthostatic hypotension head-up tilting was associated with a marked fall in blood pressure but a similar heart rate response to that in the elderly control group. In contrast, both groups of subjects had similar blood pressure and heart rate responses to cold stress and sustained isometric exercise. 3. Nine subjects with autonomic neuropathy also showed a marked hypotensive response to head-up tilt, but produced no pressor response to cold stress or isometric exercise. 4. The plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and neuropeptide-Y-like immunoreactivity rose and that of atrial natriuretic peptide fell after head-up tilt in the study population as a whole. There were no significant differences between groups despite the much greater blood pressure drops in the subjects with autonomic neuropathy and in those with age-associated orthostatic hypotension. 5. The aorto-iliac pulse wave velocity index was significantly higher in subjects with age-associated orthostatic hypotension compared with that in control subjects. 6. The pattern of responses to the separate stresses observed in the group with age-associated orthostatic hypotension is characteristic and different from that in the elderly control subjects and the subjects with autonomic neuropathy. It suggests that age-associated orthostatic hypotension is related predominantly to dysfunction in the afferent limb of the baroreflex arc, possibly partially caused by a splinting of arterial baroreceptors by non-compliant arterial walls.

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