577 Bisoprolol for the treatment of symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Aims To evaluate to role of bisoprolol to control symptoms and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in a consecutive cohort of adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods and results In this retrospective study, patients with HCM with an LVOT gradient ≥50mmHg after Valsalva manoeuvre and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II-III symptoms were assigned to receive bisoprolol (starting at 1.25 mg daily). The initial dose was increased every two weeks to achieve the target in LVOT gradient <30 mmHg or the maximum tolerated dose. The primary endpoint was the achievement of a LVOT gradient <30 mmHg and ≥1 NYHA class improvement. The secondary endpoints were proportion of patients with LVOT gradient <30 mmHg or < 50 mmHg, proportion of patients with ≥1 NYHA class improvement, and change from baseline in LVOT gradient. Between December 2001 and December 2020, 92 patients were enrolled into the study. Sixteen (17%) patients on bisoprolol met the primary endpoint. Bisoprolol reduced the LVOT gradient to less than 30 mmHg in 33 (36%) patients, to less than 50 mmHg in 57 (62%), and improved NYHA class in 30 (33%). The mean reduction of LVOT gradient on bisoprolol was 28 (±14) mmHg and the percentage reduction was 42 (±21)%. In 35 (39%) patients, bisoprolol did not reduce the gradient to less than 50 mmHg requiring disopyramide and/or myectomy to achieve this goal. Conclusions Treatment with bisoprolol was well-tolerated and effective in relieving obstruction and improving symptoms in a significant proportion of patients with symptomatic obstructive HCM.

759 Platypnoea orthodeoxia syndrome following middle-lower bilobectomy: a case report

Aims PlatypneaOrthodeoxiasyndrome (POS) is a rare clinical condition characterized by dyspnoea and arterial desaturation, typically occurring in orthostatism and vanishing in a supine position. The real pathophysiologic triggers are still not completely understood. Methods and results In January 2021, a 76-year-old female patient was admitted to our department for the management of a large mass in the right lung (69 × 54 × 76 cm). Pre-operative Computed Tomography (CT)-scan showed a lesion of the right lower lobe, with suspected infiltration of posterior costal pleura and bronchoscopy revealed distal occlusion of intermedious bronchus. Surgical treatment was planned: extrapleural lower bilobectomy with the removal of the VI rib to reduce intracavity space was performed, using postero-lateral thoracotomy approach. On the third post-operative day, an acute neurologic deficit with left-sided paralysis, associated with desaturation and hypotension, occurred during a new attempt to mobilize the patient. Nonetheless the patient showed complete resolution of symptoms in supine position. A new similar episode of severe desaturation (SO2 80%) was observed in the 7th post-operative day. Arterial blood gas test showed PO2 37 mmHg; PCO2 27 mmHg; SO2 80.3%, pH 7.61, tHb 12.4 g/dl; O2Hb 78.4%. CT pulmonary angiography excluded a suspicious of pulmonary embolism. A right to left atrial shunt was suspected. Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound showed microembolic signals in the basal cerebral arteries. Transoesophageal echocardiography was performed, confirming an interatrial septum with an exuberant hyperdynamic movement and showing an abundant passage of contrast from the right atrium to the left, even without the Valsalva manoeuvre, compatible with an important patent foramen ovale (PFO). Patient was referred to the cardiac Catheterization Laboratory for percutaneous closure of PFO. The device was successfully placed via right femoral venous catheter access and on transesophageal echocardiogram guidance. The procedure was performed without any complications. The implanted device was noted to be in a stable position with trivial residual inter-atrial shunting immediately after the procedure. The day after implantation, positional discomfort improved remarkably and the patient was able to stand-up with no symptoms, maintaining normal saturation (SaO2 100%). The patient was discharged and sent home on the third post-implantation day. The 4 month follow-up examination showed a good andstable condition. Conclusions Platypnoea Orthodeoxia Syndrome after lobectomy is a rare cause of postoperative dyspnoea/hypoxia.It is the result of right-to-left shunt via interatrial communication. Mediastinal relocation, stretching of the atrial septum are among the functional elements necessary for the clinical manifestations. It is essential to have a high index of suspicion to detect POS in patient with dyspnoea given the subtle and positional nature of the symptoms. Physicians should always consider POS in patients with unexplained dyspnoea; hence the treatment modalities could alleviate symptoms and be potentially curative.

675 A rare case of tako-tsubo syndrome in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Aims We know that basal septal hypertrophy is a rare and unique anatomical finding associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction induced by high physical or emotional stress. Its occurrence with HCM is unusual. However, this presentation occurs more often with the classic asymmetrical septal hypertrophy compared with the apical variant. This case demonstrates that the coexistence of TTC with septal HCM in an elderly patient may lead to a severe haemodynamic instability picture. Methods and results A 81-year-old female presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of dyspnoea and chest pain lasting for 1 day. She had hypertension and dyslipidemia associated with a familial history of sudden death. On physical exam, we found a severe hypotension (systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg) associated with bilateral rales at chest auscultation. Cardiac auscultation revealed a harsh systolic murmur, best heard over the left sternal border. Heart rate was 60 b.p.m. in sinus rhythm. Labs were significant for HS-I troponin of 6.035 ng/L (NV: ≤ 12) and NT-proBNP of 7.640 pg/ml (NV: ≤1800). A 12-leads electrocardiogram (ECG) at admission revealed a STEMI-like ST segment elevation from V2 to V6 (Figure 1A). For this reason she was urgently taken to the cath-lab where she was found to have tortuous but normal coronary arteries. After coronary angiography, a trans-thoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed a pathological LV hypertrophy with a septal diastolic thickness of 19 mm, depressed LV ejection fraction (LVEF) due to a severe apical ballooning. At continuous wave (CW)-Doppler there was a dynamic obstruction across the LV outflow tract (LVOT), with a late peak velocity of 4.9 m/s and an estimated peak gradient of 98 mmHg. The gradient was increased by a systolic anterior motion (SAM) of anterior mitral leaflet causing a moderate mitral regurgitation (MR). All these findings were consistent with obstructive septal HCM associated with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. After treatment with intravenous diuretics and metoprolol (5 + 5 mg i.v. bolus followed by oral dose of 100 mg daily), her clinical condition markedly improved. One week later, ECG demonstrated deeply inverted T waves on antero-lateral leads and QT prolongation (501 ms). Three weeks later, after a complete resolution of the LV apical dyskinesia, LVEF normalized. LVOT gradient decreased to 20 mmHg, with a dynamic increase to 70 mmHg during Valsalva manoeuvre. Conclusions It is well known that TTC may be complicated by a reversible LVOT obstruction by itself but the combination with obstructive HCM can lead to low cardiac output and acute heart failure. This combination has been found to be not common and the correct treatment of this unusual type of cardiogenic shock is still unclear. Careful initial evaluation and continuous monitoring must be warranted in such rare cases. Supportive care afterward with beta blockers, along with echocardiogram surveillance, are the mainstay of management. Cardiologists, intensivisits, and clinicians alike need to recognize and comprehend the pathophysiology behind this unique clinical manifestation so that they may adjust their management and treatment accordingly.

P112 INCIDENTAL INGUINAL HERNIA IN MEN

Aim “Ultrasound may contribute to establish the cause of nonspecific groin complaints. However, the risk is diagnosing an incidental inguinal hernia whereas the pain has an alternative cause. Overtreatment is to be prevented. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of a previously unknown inguinal hernia among working-age men without groin complaints.” Material and Methods “A cross sectional study was conducted in healthy men aged 45-67 years. Men with a Body Mass Index (BMI) > 40, a history of groin complaints, a known inguinal hernia or previous inguinal surgery were excluded. Ultrasound of both groins was performed in supine position with and without a Valsalva manoeuvre by a specialised ultrasound technician in consultation with a radiologist. In all groin ultrasounds showing an inguinal hernia, physical examination was executed by a hernia surgeon.” Results “In the months June and November of 2018, 200 groins of 100 men were analysed. In 16 (16%) men an inguinal hernia was found on groin ultrasound (95% confidence interval [8.8 – 23.2]). In 12 men this was a unilateral inguinal hernia and in 4 men a bilateral inguinal hernia. Ultrasound yielded no other pathology.” Conclusions “In a population of men aged 40-67 years without groin complaints, ultrasound detects an inguinal hernia in 16%. Hence, the probability of wrongly attributing groin complaints to an incidental inguinal hernia, diagnosed on ultrasound, is considerable. ”

The larynx

The larynx, trachea and bronchi develop embryologically from the foregut in the form of an outpouching during the fourth week of gestation. The larynx bridges the gap from the base of the tongue above, to the trachea below lying within the hypopharynx. It sits in the neck spanning the distance from the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. It is a complex respiratory organ composed of a cartilage framework, ligaments, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles and is lined by an epithelial mucous membrane continuous above with the pharynx and below with the trachea. Its primary function is protection of the lower respiratory tract against aspiration. It allows the generation of a high intrathoracic pressure required for coughing, straining and lifting (Valsalva manoeuvre) and phonation. The anatomy of the larynx can either be considered by its surgical division of the supraglottis, glottis and subglottis (these landmarks are important in the consideration of cancer spread).

Measurement of the retinal venous pressure with a new instrument in healthy subjects

Background The retinal venous pressure (RVP) is a determining factor for the blood supply of the retina as well as the optic nerve head and until recently has been measured by contact lens dynamometry (CLD). A new method has been developed, potentially offering better acceptance. The applicability and the results of both methods were compared. Methods The type of this study is cross sectional. The subjects were 36 healthy volunteers, age 26 ± 5 years (mean ± s). Tonometry: rebound tonometer (RT) (iCare). The measurements were performed during an increase in airway pressure of 20 mmHg (Valsalva manoeuvre). Principle of RVP measurement: the central retinal vein (CRV) is observed during an increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) and at the start of pulsation, which corresponds with the RVP. Two different instruments for the IOP enhancement where used: contact lens dynamometry and the new instrument, IOPstim. Principle: a deflated balloon of 8 mm diameter—placed on the sclera laterally of the cornea—is filled with air. As soon as a venous pulsation occurs, filling is stopped and the IOP is measured, equalling the RVP. Examination procedure: randomization of the sequence: CLD or IOPstim, IOP, mydriasis, IOP three single measurements (SM) of the IOP with RT or of the pressure increase with CLD at an airway pressure of 20 mmHg, 5 min break, IOP, and three SM using the second method at equal pressure (20 mmHg). Results Spontaneous pulsation of the CRV was present in all 36 subjects. Pressures are given in mmHg. IOP in mydriasis 15.6 ± 3.3 (m ± s). Median RVP (MRVP)) of the three SM: CLD/IOPstim, 37.7 ± 5.2/24.7 ± 4.8 (t test: p < 0.001). Range of SM: 3.2 ± 1.8/2.9 ± 1.3 (t test: p = 0.36). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of SM: 0.88/0.83. ANOVA in SM: p = 0.48/0.08. MRVP CLD minus MRVP IOPstim: 13.0 ± 5.6. Ratio MRVP CLD/MRVP IOPstim: 1.56 ± 3.1. Cooperation and agreeability were slightly better with the IOPstim. Conclusion This first study with the IOPstim in humans was deliberately performed in healthy volunteers using Valsalva conditions. As demonstrated by ICC and ANOVA, reproducible SM can be obtained by both methods and the range of the SM does not differ greatly. The higher MRVP in CLD could be explained by the different directions of the force vectors.

Assessment of Parasympathetic Cardiovascular Activity in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

PurposeTo describe the pattern of quantitative parasympathetic cardiovascular autonomic function among patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and high-tension primary open-angle glaucoma (HTG) patients. MethodologyThis was cross-sectional study of ninety-two subjects enrolled into three groups: HTG (31 patients), NTG (31 patients) and Control (30 patients). All the participants had anthropometric assessment, ophthalmic examination, baseline cardiovascular examination and the three parasympathetic components of Ewing’s battery of autonomic cardiovascular function tests namely heart rate (HR) response to deep breathing, HR response to Valsalva manoeuvre and HR response to standing.ResultThe baseline PR intervals were significantly prolonged in HTG (0.18 ± 0.03 sec) and NTG (0.18 ± 0.04 sec) groups compared with control (0.15 ± 0.03sec) (p = 0.008). The HTG group had a significantly longer mean RR interval (1.09 ± 0.17 sec) than the NTG group (1.03 ± 0.20 sec) and control (0.97 ± 0.17 sec) during the expiratory phase of the HR response to deep breathing test (p = 0.037). The HTG group also had significantly longer mean RR intervals around the 15th beat (p = 0.033) and 30th beats (p = 0.202) post-standing during the HR response to standing test. The HR response to Valsalva manoeuvre test showed a significantly higher mean Valsalva ratio in the NTG group (1.65 ± 0.48) compared to the HTG group (1.45 ± 0.31) and control (1.43 ± 0.25) (p = 0.034).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that normal-tension and high-tension primary open-angle glaucoma have higher parasympathetic cardiovascular activity than normal individuals.

Randomised Controlled Trial Assessing Head Down Deep Breathing Method Versus Modified Valsalva Manoeuvre for Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia in the Emergency Department

Introduction: Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is commonly encountered in the emergency department (ED). Vagal manoeuvres are internationally recommended therapy in stable patients. The head down deep breathing (HDDB) technique was previously described as an acceptable vagal manoeuvre, but there are no studies comparing its efficacy to other vagal manoeuvres. Our objective in this study was to compare the rates of successful cardioversion with HDDB and the commonly practiced, modified Valsalva manoeuvre (VM). Methods: We conducted a randomised controlled trial at an acute hospital ED. Patients presenting with SVT were randomly assigned to HDDB or modified VM in a 1:1 ratio. A block randomisation sequence was prepared by an independent biostatistician, and then serially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes were opened just before the intervention. Patients and caregivers were not blinded. Primary outcome was cardioversion to sinus rhythm. Secondary outcome(s) included adverse effects/complications of each technique. Results: A total of 41 patients were randomised between 1 August, 2018–1 February, 2020 (20 HDDB and 21 modified VM). Amongst the 41 patients, three spontaneously cardioverted to sinus rhythm before receiving the allocated treatment and were excluded. Cardioversion was achieved in six patients (31.6%) and seven patients (36.8%) with HDDB and modified VM, respectively (odds ratio1.26, 95% confidence interval, 0.33, 4.84, P = 0.733) . Seventeen (89.5%) patients in the HDDB group and 14 (73.7%) from the modified VM group did not encounter any adverse effects. No major adverse cardiovascular events were recorded. Conclusion: Both the head down deep breathing technique and the modified Valsalva manoeuvre appear safe and effective in cardioverting patients with SVT in the ED.