scholarly journals Prenatal cold exposure causes hypertension in offspring by hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (9) ◽  
pp. 1097-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Chen ◽  
Dongdong Sun ◽  
Shuang Qu ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
Jialiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
At1 Receptor ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Abstract Environmental temperature plays a role in the variation of blood pressure. Maternal cold stress could affect the physiological phenotype of the offspring, including blood pressure elevation. In the present study, we found that adult offspring of dams exposed to cold have increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and decreased urine volume and sodium excretion, accompanied by increased heart rate and heart rate variability, secondary to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Renal denervation or adrenergic receptor blockade decreased blood pressure and increased sodium excretion. The increase in peripheral sympathetic nerve activity can be ascribed to the central nervous system because administration of clonidine, a centrally acting α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, lowered blood pressure to a greater degree in the prenatal cold-exposed than control offspring. Moreover, these prenatal cold-exposed offspring had hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) disorder because magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed decreased N-acetylaspartate and increased choline and creatine ratios in the PVN. Additional studies found that prenatal cold exposure impaired the balance between inhibitory and excitatory neurons. This led to PVN overactivation that was related to enhanced PVN-angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor expression and function. Microinjection of the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan in the PVN lowered blood pressure to a greater extent in prenatal cold-exposed that control offspring. The present study provides evidence for overactive peripheral and central sympathetic nervous systems in the pathogenesis of prenatal cold-induced hypertension. Central AT1 receptor blockade in the PVN may be a key step for treatment of this type hypertension.

Pentobarbital effects on plasma catecholamines: temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. E95-E100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Baum ◽  
J. B. Halter ◽  
G. J. Taborsky ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

The effects of intravenous pentobarbital were studied in dogs. Plasma pentobarbital concentrations were inversely related to epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Plasma catecholamines appeared fully suppressed at pentobarbital levels greater than 25-30 micrograms/ml. Furthermore, pentobarbital levels were negatively related to rectal temperature, heart rate, and mean blood pressure. The methods of pentobarbital administration influenced plasma pentobarbital as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. These observations suggest the possibility that pentobarbital inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn may affect temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Because pentobarbital anesthesia affects plasma catecholamine concentrations, the regimen used in animal models requires consideration when interpreting data potentially influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.

scholarly journals Effects of hydrocortisone and yohimbine on selective attention to emotional cues

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112199710
Author(s):  
Sophie Metz ◽  
Woo R Chae ◽  
Christian E Deuter ◽  
Christian Otte ◽  
Katja Wingenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Introduction: Facial expressions contain important affective information, and selective attention to facial expression provides an advantage in the face of loss, stress and danger. In addition, the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis mediate the organism’s response to loss and danger. Here, we aimed at investigating the influence of sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activation on selective attention to affective facial stimuli. Methods and materials: One hundred-and-four healthy men between 18–35 years old (mean (standard deviation) age: 24.1 (3.5) years) participated in the study. We used a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants received either: (a) yohimbine, (b) hydrocortisone, (c) yohimbine and hydrocortisone or (d) placebo only and participated in a dot-probe task with sad, happy and neutral faces. We collected salivary samples to measure cortisol and alpha amylase activity in addition to measurements of blood pressure and heart rate. Salivary cortisol served as correlate of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and salivary alpha amylase activity, blood pressure and heart rate as correlates of sympathetic nervous system activation. Measurements were carried out before and after drug administration. Results: We did not find a main effect or interaction effect of hydrocortisone or yohimbine administration on selective attention to happy faces. However, we found an interaction of yohimbine and hydrocortisone on selective attention to sad faces. Post-hoc t-test revealed an attentional bias away from sad stimuli and towards neutral faces in the hydrocortisone-only group. Discussion: Only hydrocortisone administration led to an attentional bias away from sad faces. Future studies should investigate these effects in major depression disorder, as this disorder is characterised by glucocorticoid resistance and increased processing of sad stimuli.

Abstract 132: Adrenergic Receptor Blockade Prevents Placental Ischemia-induced Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank T Spradley ◽  
Joey P Granger
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Placental Ischemia ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor Blockade

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are the number one cause of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States. Preeclampsia is a disorder of maternal hypertension and cardiovascular dysfunction typically presenting in the second half of pregnancy along with fetal growth restriction. There are no steadfast therapies besides early delivery of the fetus and ischemic placenta, which releases factors into the maternal circulation promoting hypertension. Although sympathetic nervous activity was found to be increased in preeclamptic versus normal pregnant women, it is unknown if sympathetic nervous system plays a role in placental ischemia-induced hypertension. To address this question, we tested the hypothesis that adrenergic receptor blockade prevents placental ischemia-induced hypertension. Wistar rats were randomized to receive reduced uterine perfusion pressure, (RUPP, n=6) or Sham (n=5) surgeries on gestational day 14 and examined at day 19. In RUPP vs Sham rats, respectively, mean arterial blood pressure (115 ± 4 vs 103 ±2 mmHg, P<0.05) and the number of absorbed fetuses (6 ± 1 vs 1 ± 1, P<0.05) were greater whereas average fetal weight was lower (1.7 ± 0.1 vs 2.0 ± 0.2, P<0.05) with similar placental weights (0.49 ± 0.03 vs 0.52 ± 0.03). In RUPP vs Sham rats, renal cortical norepinephrine content (HPLC) was higher (183 ± 15 vs 150 ± 8 pg/mg wet weight, P<0.05) and vasoconstriction to phenylephrine was greater in small, third order mesenteric arteries (Emax: 262 ± 19 vs 160 ± 26% of KCl response). A subset of RUPP rats (n=3) received terazosin and propranolol (3 mg/kg per day each, subcutaneous osmotic minipump) to block alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, respectively, beginning the day of RUPP surgery. At day 19, adrenergic blockade prevented the development of hypertension (100 ± 4 mmHg, P<0.05) and did not alter number of fetal absorptions (8 ± 1). Average fetal weight was higher (2 ± 0.1, P<0.05) and placental weight lower (0.41 ± 0.03, P<0.05) compared to the untreated RUPP rats. In conclusion, placental ischemia-induced hypertension depends on activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The mechanism for this enhanced sympathetic nerve activity is unknown but may involve factors released from the ischemic placenta.

Urinary Noradrenaline Excretion and Renal Function in Normal and Hypertensive 50-year-Old Men

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-493
Author(s):  
G. Berglund ◽  
G. Tibblin ◽  
M. Aurell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System Activity ◽  
System Activity ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Urinary Noradrenaline

1. Sympathetic nervous system activity, measured by urinary noradrenaline excretion, was determined in a group of untreated hypertensive subjects (n = 35), a reference group (n = 80) and a normotensive group (n = 51), all derived from a random population sample of 50-year-old men. It was compared with casual and resting blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, urinary creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure > 175 or diastolic > 115 mmHg on two separate occasions. Normotension was defined as systolic pressure < 160 and diastolic pressure < 95 mmHg. 2. There was no difference in the average excretion of noradrenaline during the day or night between the reference, normotensive and hypertensive groups. None of the hypertensive patients had values for urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day above the range found in normotensive subjects, indicating that hypertension with increased sympathetic nervous system activity is uncommon when hypertension is defined as above. 3. No correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day and blood pressure was found in the reference group or in the normotensive group. In the hypertensive group, there was a negative correlation between urinary noradrenaline excretion and blood pressure after rest. This finding might indicate that factors other than sympathetic nervous system activity determine the level of blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. 4. In the hypertensive group, urinary noradrenaline excretion during the day was positively correlated with both urinary sodium excretion during the day and glomerular filtration rate. Urinary noradrenaline excretion per 24 h was positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion during the same time. High resting blood pressure, low urinary sodium excretion, low glomerular filtration rate and a reversed diurnal rhythm of urinary excretion characterized hypertensive patients with low urinary noradrenaline excretion, indicating more severe hypertension in these hypertensive patients with reduced sympathetic nervous system activity.

Acute elevation of plasma non-esterified fatty acids increases pulse wave velocity and induces peripheral vasodilation in humans in vivo

2007 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels P. Riksen ◽  
Marlies Bosselaar ◽  
Stephan J.L. Bakker ◽  
Robert J. Heine ◽  
Gerard A. Rongen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Adenosine Receptor ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Adenosine Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Control Infusion

Plasma NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid) concentrations are elevated in patients with obesity. In the present study we first aimed to provide an integral haemodynamic profile of elevated plasma NEFAs by the simultaneous assessment of blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, FBF (forearm blood flow) and sympathetic nervous system activity during acute elevation of NEFAs. Secondly, we hypothesized that NEFA-induced vasodilation is mediated by adenosine receptor stimulation. In a randomized cross-over trial in healthy subjects, Intralipid® was infused for 2 h to elevate plasma NEFAs. Glycerol was administered as the Control infusion. We assessed blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, FBF (using venous occlusion plethysmography) and sympathetic nervous system activity by measurement of noradrenaline and adrenaline. During the last 15 min of Intralipid®/Control infusion, the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (90 μg·min−1·dl−1) was administered into the brachial artery of the non-dominant arm. Compared with Control infusion, Intralipid® increased pulse wave velocity, SBP (systolic blood pressure) and pulse pressure, as well as FBF (from 1.8±0.2 to 2.7±0.6 and from 2.3±0.2 to 2.7±0.6 ml·min−1·dl−1 for Intralipid® compared with Control infusion; P<0.05, n=9). Although in a positive control study caffeine attenuated adenosine-induced forearm vasodilation (P<0.01, n=6), caffeine had no effect on Intralipid®-induced vasodilation (P=0.5). In conclusion, elevation of plasma NEFA levels increased pulse wave velocity, SBP and pulse pressure. FBF was also increased, either by baroreflex-mediated inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system or by a direct vasodilating effect of NEFAs. As the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine could not antagonize the vasodilator response, this response is not mediated by adenosine receptor stimulation.

scholarly journals Role of Sympathetic Nervous System in Cyclosporine-Induced Rise in Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario J. Carvalho ◽  
Anton H. van den Meiracker ◽  
Frans Boomsma ◽  
Joao Freitas ◽  
Arie J. Man in ‘t Veld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Interactions between ANG II, sympathetic nervous system, and baroreceptor reflexes in regulation of blood pressure

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (6) ◽  
pp. E763-E778 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Blood Pressure Control ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Baroreceptor Reflexes ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and in the development of some forms of clinical and experimental hypertension. It is an important blood pressure control system in its own right but also interacts extensively with other blood pressure control systems, including the sympathetic nervous system and the baroreceptor reflexes. Angiotensin (ANG) II exerts several actions on the sympathetic nervous system. These include a central action to increase sympathetic outflow, stimulatory effects on sympathetic ganglia and the adrenal medulla, and actions at sympathetic nerve endings that serve to facilitate sympathetic neurotransmission. ANG II also interacts with baroreceptor reflexes. For example, it acts centrally to modulate the baroreflex control of heart rate, and this accounts for its ability to increase blood pressure without causing a reflex bradycardia. The physiological significance of these actions of ANG II is not fully understood. Most evidence indicates that the actions of ANG to enhance sympathetic activity do not contribute significantly to the pressor response to exogenous ANG II. On the other hand, there is considerable evidence that the actions of endogenous ANG II on the sympathetic nervous system enhance the cardiovascular responses elicited by activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Abstract P161: Tai Chi Movements Bring On Parasympathetic Nerve Output As Indicated By Audible Bowel Sounds

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerve ◽  
Bowel Sounds ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Tai Chi Exercise

Tai Chi movements are unique exercise that can improve cognition, strength somatomotor coordination, and enhance autonomic nerve regulation on internal organ function. The mild increase in heart rate and/or slight sweat during and after practicing Tai Chi indicates the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. There is lack of evidence to show that Tai Chi exercise enhances the activity of parasympathetic nervous system though it has been claimed that practicing Tai Chi could do so. The author tested the hypothesis that Tai Chi exercise brings on an increase in parasympathetic nerve outputs (PNO). The PNO is evaluated by recording the bowel sounds using an audio recorder (Sony digital voice recorder ICD-PX Series) and the data analyses were done using NCH software (WavePad audio editor). The heart rate was simultaneously recorded using a fingertip pulse oximeter (Zacurate Pro Series 500DL) during Tai Chi exercise. All the data was repeatedly collected from a Tai Chi Master in a study period of 6 months. A total of 30 recordings were used to carry out the analysis. The audible bowel sounds occurred when the performer started to do the Ready-Movement of Yang-style Tai Chi. These Tai Chi induced-bowel sounds lasted from the beginning to the end of a set of movements (3-5 min for 24-moves style). The frequency of bowel sounds was in a range of 0.2 to 3.5 Hz. The average number of bowel sounds was approximately 2.5 sounds per Tai Chi Move. The intensity and frequency of the bowel sounds are not related to the change of the performer’s heart rate. In comparison, meditation or deep squat exercise performed by the Tai Chi master did not cause any changes in the bowel sounds. According to the autonomic innervation of the GI tract, increase of bowel movements is mediated by PNO. In conclusion, Tai Chi movements can simultaneously exercise skeletal muscles, sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. The enhancement of parasympathetic nervous system output by Tai Chi exercise is a valuable modality of physical exercise for wellness.

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