scholarly journals Vocal Loudness Variation With Spectral Slope

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo R. Titze ◽  
Anil Palaparthi
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Spectral Slope ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Theoretical Results

Objective This investigation addresses the loudness variations in sones achievable with spectral slope variations (higher harmonic energy) in human vocalization and compares it to the sound pressure level (SPL) variations typically reported in the voice range profile (VRP). Method The primary methodology was computational. The ISO standard 226 was used to convert SPL values to sones for a 125- to 1000-Hz range of fundamental frequency and a –3 dB/octave to –12 dB/octave range of spectral slope. In addition, a retrospective analysis of human subjects' VRPs was conducted, and the experimental results were compared to the theoretical results. Results A very small range of SPL variation (less than 5 dB) in the VRP can produce a large range of loudness. The sensitivity can be on the order of 4 sones per dB SPL change. Conclusion For vocalization in the modal register, loudness variation is not well described by SPL change in dB, especially at high fundamental frequencies where the SPL range in the VRP becomes very small but sizeable loudness variations are still possible.

scholarly journals Establishing Normative Data on Singing Voice Parameters of Children and Adolescents with Average Singing Activity Using the Voice Range Profile

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Tobias Dienerowitz ◽  
Thomas Peschel ◽  
Mandy Vogel ◽  
Tanja Poulain ◽  
Christoph Engel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Singing Voice ◽  
Minimum Frequency ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Percentile Curves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> The purpose of this study was to establish and characterize age- and gender-specific normative data of the singing voice using the voice range profile for clinical diagnostics. Furthermore, associations between the singing voice and the socioeconomic status were examined. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Singing voice profiles of 1,578 mostly untrained children aged between 7.0 and 16.11 years were analyzed. Participants had to reproduce sung tones at defined pitches, resulting in maximum and minimum fundamental frequency and sound pressure level (SPL). In addition, maximum phonation time (MPT) was measured. Percentile curves of frequency, SPL and MPT were estimated. To examine the associations of socioeconomic status, multivariate analyses adjusted for age and sex were performed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In boys, the mean of the highest frequency was 750.9 Hz and lowered to 397.1 Hz with increasing age. Similarly, the minimum frequency was 194.4 Hz and lowered to 91.9 Hz. In girls, the mean maximum frequency decreased from 754.9 to 725.3 Hz. The mean minimum frequency lowered from 202.4 to 175.0 Hz. For both sexes, the mean frequency range ∆f showed a constant range of roughly 24 semitones. The MPT increased with age, for boys and girls. There was neither an effect of age nor sex on SPL<sub>min</sub> or SPL<sub>max</sub>, ranging between 52.6 and 54.1 dBA and between 86.5 and 82.8 dBA, respectively. Socioeconomic status was not associated with the above-mentioned variables. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> To our knowledge, this study is the first to present large normative data on the singing voice in childhood and adolescence based on a high number of measurements. In addition, we provide percentile curves for practical application in clinic and vocal pedagogy which may be applied to distinguish between normal and pathological singing voice.

Future Perspectives

2017 ◽  
pp. 1070-1096
Author(s):  
Peter Pabon ◽  
David M. Howard ◽  
Sten Ternström ◽  
Malte Kob ◽  
Gerhard Eckel
Keyword(s):  
Computer Music ◽  
Music Composition ◽  
Musical Performance ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Look Ahead ◽  
Virtual Acoustics ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice

This chapter, through examining several emerging or continuing areas of research, serves to look ahead at possible ways in which humans, with the help of technology, may interact with each other vocally as well as musically. Some of the topic areas, such the use of the Voice Range Profile, hearing modeling spectrography, voice synthesis, distance masterclasses, and virtual acoustics, have obvious pedagogical uses in the training of singers. Others, such as the use of 3D printed vocal tracts and computer music composition involving the voice, may lead to unique new ways in which singing may be used in musical performance. Each section of the chapter is written by an expert in the field who explains the technology in question and how it is used, often drawing upon recent research led by the chapter authors.

Quantitative evaluation of the voice range profile in patients with voice disorder

1999 ◽  
Vol 256 (S1) ◽  
pp. S51-S55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ikeda ◽  
T. Masuda ◽  
H. Manako ◽  
H. Yamashita ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice

The Voice Range Profile: Its Function, Applications, Pitfalls and Potential

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sten Ternström ◽  
Peter Pabon ◽  
Maria Södersten
Keyword(s):  
Range Profile ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice

Acoustic Interpretation of the Voice Range Profile (Phonetogram)

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo R. Titze
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Distribution ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Source Power ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Intensity Range ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Reduced Intensity

The voice range profile (VRP) is a display of vocal intensity range versus fundamental frequency (F 0 ). Past measurements have shown that the intensity range is reduced at the extremes of the F 0 range, that there is a gradual upward tilt of the high- and low-intensity boundaries with increasing F 0 , and that a ripple exists at the boundaries. The intensity ripple, which results from tuning of source harmonics to the formants, is more noticeable at the upper boundary than the lower boundary because higher harmonics are not energized as effectively near phonation threshold as at maximum lung pressure. The gradual tilt of the intensity boundaries results from more effective transmission and radiation of acoustic energy at higher fundamental frequencies. This depends on the spectral distribution of the source power, however. At low F 0 , a smaller spectral slope (more harmonic energy) produces greater intensity. At high F 0 , on the other hand, a shift of energy toward the fundamental results in greater intensity. This dependence of intensity on spectral distribution of source power seems to explain the reduced intensity range at higher F 0 . An unrelated problem of reduced intensity range at low F 0 stems from the inherent difficulty of keeping F 0 from rising when subglottal pressure is increased.

The Voice Range Profile-A Shortened Protocol Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Kolker Rychel ◽  
Miriam van Mersbergen
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice

scholarly journals Comparison between clinician‐assisted and computer‐assisted methods for obtaining the voice range profile

1993 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1782-1782
Author(s):  
Darrell Wong ◽  
Susan Hensley ◽  
Ingo Titze ◽  
Lorraine O. Ramig ◽  
Martin Milder
Keyword(s):  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice

scholarly journals Impact of hydration on vocal loading using phonetogram measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317
Author(s):  
Sujan Ghosh ◽  
Indranil Chatterjee ◽  
Piyali Kundu ◽  
Susmi Pani ◽  
Suman Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Vocal loading is a phenomenon that affects the vocal folds and voice parameters. Prolonged vocal loading may cause vocal fatigue. Hydration is one of the easiest precautions to reduce the effect of vocal loading. Voice range profile is an analysis of a participant’s vocal intensity and fundamental frequency ranges. Speech range profile is a graphical display of frequency intensity interactions occurring during functional speech activity. Phonetogram software can analyse VRP and SRP.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Total sixty normophonic participants (thirty male and thirty female) were included in this study. Phonetogram, version 4.40 by Tiger DRS, software used to measure the voice range profile and speech range profile. For VRP, participants were asked to produce vowel /a/ and a passage reading task was given for SRP measurement.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> All sample recording were done at pre vocal loading task, VLT and after hydration. Parameter that were used to measure the effects were Fo-range, semitone, max-F, min-F, SPL range, max-I, min-I, area (dB). Result showed that after VLT all other parameters like Fo-range, semitone, max-F, min-F, SPL range, max-I, min-I, area (dB) in VRP and SRP were reduced except min-F VRP in male, min-I VRP and min-I SRP in both male and female participants. After hydration all other parameters were improved except max-F VRP and min-F VRP in female, max-I VRP, min-F VRP and area VRP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study concluded that vocal loading has negative impact on vocal fold tissue and mass. </p>

Data Collection Methods for the Voice Range Profile: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 1716-1734
Author(s):  
Grace M. Cutchin ◽  
Laura W. Plexico ◽  
Aurora J. Weaver ◽  
Mary J. Sandage
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Data Collection Methods ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Collection Methods

Purpose To assess data collection variability in the voice range profile (VRP) across clinicians and researchers, a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the extent of variability of specific data collection points that affect the determination of frequency range and sound level and determine next steps in standardization of a VRP protocol. Method A systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis checklist. Full-text journal articles were identified through PubMed, Web of Science, Psych Info, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Google Scholar, and hand searching of journals. Results A total of 1,134 articles were retrieved from the search; of these, 463 were duplicates. Titles and abstracts of 671 articles were screened, with 202 selected for full-text review. Fifty-four articles were considered eligible for inclusion. The information extracted from these articles revealed the methodology used to derive the VRP was extremely variable across the data points selected. Additionally, there were eight common acoustic measures used for statistical analysis described in included studies that were added as a data point. Conclusions The data collection methods for the VRP varied considerably. Standardization of procedures was recommended for clinicians and researchers.

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