Latency of Vocalization Onset for Stutterers and Nonstutterers under Conditions of Auditory and Visual, Cueing

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. McFarlane ◽  
Kenneth G. Shipley
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Visual Cueing ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Auditory Cueing

The purpose of this study was to determine whether stutterers and nonstutterers differed in latency of vocalization onset as a function of auditory and visual stimulus presentations. Twelve adult stutterers and 12 adult nonstutterers were compared for phonation onset latency under conditions of visual, right ear auditory, and left ear auditory cueing. Analyses of the data indicated that (a) overall phonation onset time did not differ significantly between the groups, (b) no significant differences were found for phonation onset time under conditions of combined auditory cueing, (c) stutterers were significantly slower for /pℵ/ when auditory cueing was presented to either the left ear, (d) stutterers were significantly slower for /pℵ/ and /bℵ/ when the values were combined for the left ear, and (e) there were no significant differences between stutterers' and nonstutterers' phonation onset times under visual cueing. The results are interpreted to implicate a possible role of auditory system functioning in stutterers' motor control for speech tasks such as phonation onset.

scholarly journals A Contrastive Study of the Voice Onset Time (VOT) in English and Arabic Languages

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (118) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Rafida  Mansoor Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Auditory System ◽  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Voice Onset Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Stop Consonants ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Human Auditory System ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
The Voice

  The signal sound contains many different features. One of these features is voice onset time henceforth )VOT) and this feature refers to the ways different people of different languages have been distinguished by the way they articulate stop consonants of their own language. This feature (VOT) can be utilized by the human auditory system to distinguish between voiced and devoiced stops such as /p/ and /b /in English, /t/ and /t?/ Arabic. The study is contributed into five sections:- Section One is introductory, which contains the introduction, the problem, the hypothesis, the aim, the limitation and the value of the study. Section Two shows the definitions and types of VOT: positive, negative, zero VOT and role of VOT. Section Three deals with the measurement and categorical perception of VOT, these ways of measurements are spectrograms, waveform and lagtime. Section Four investigates the VOT of two languages, Arabic and English in details with a comparison between these two languages. It ends with a number of conclusions. One of these conclusions is that Arabic VOT is different from English VOT and this approved the hypothesis.

The Role of Visual and Auditory Communication in the Performance of a Joint Team Task

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110310
Author(s):  
Adam F. Werner ◽  
Jamie C. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Multiple Resource Theory ◽  
Coupling Mode ◽  
Multiple Resource ◽  
Auditory Cueing ◽  
Performance Trial

Objective This study examines visual, auditory, and the combination of both (bimodal) coupling modes in the performance of a two-person perceptual-motor task, in which one person provides the perceptual inputs and the other the motor inputs. Background Parking a plane or landing a helicopter on a mountain top requires one person to provide motor inputs while another person provides perceptual inputs. Perceptual inputs are communicated either visually, auditorily, or through both cues. Methods One participant drove a remote-controlled car around an obstacle and through a target, while another participant provided auditory, visual, or bimodal cues for steering and acceleration. Difficulty was manipulated using target size. Performance (trial time, path variability), cue rate, and spatial ability were measured. Results Visual coupling outperformed auditory coupling. Bimodal performance was best in the most difficult task condition but also high in the easiest condition. Cue rate predicted performance in all coupling modes. Drivers with lower spatial ability required a faster auditory cue rate, whereas drivers with higher ability performed best with a lower rate. Conclusion Visual cues result in better performance when only one coupling mode is available. As predicted by multiple resource theory, when both cues are available, performance depends more on auditory cueing. In particular, drivers must be able to transform auditory cues into spatial actions. Application Spotters should be trained to provide an appropriate cue rate to match the spatial ability of the driver or pilot. Auditory cues can enhance visual communication when the interpersonal task is visual with spatial outputs.

scholarly journals Recent advancements in understanding the role of epigenetics in the auditory system

Gene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 761 ◽  
pp. 144996
Author(s):  
Rahul Mittal ◽  
Nicole Bencie ◽  
George Liu ◽  
Nicolas Eshraghi ◽  
Eric Nisenbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory System

scholarly journals Effects of acoustic trauma on the auditory system of the rat: The role of microglia

Neuroscience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Baizer ◽  
K.M. Wong ◽  
S. Manohar ◽  
S.H. Hayes ◽  
D. Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory System ◽  
Acoustic Trauma

The growth hormone axis and cognition: empirical results and integrated theory derived from giant transgenic mice

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1874-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
C D Rollo ◽  
C V Ko ◽  
JG A Tyerman ◽  
L J Kajiura
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Transgenic Rat ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Enhanced Learning

Sleep is required for the consolidation of memory for complex tasks, and elements of the growth-hormone (GH) axis may regulate sleep. The GH axis also up-regulates protein synthesis, which is required for memory consolidation. Transgenic rat GH mice (TRGHM) express plasma GH at levels 100-300 times normal and sleep 3.4 h longer (30%) than their normal siblings. Consequently, we hypothesized that they might show superior ability to learn a complex task (8-choice radial maze); 47% of the TRGHM learned the task before any normal mice. All 17 TRGHM learned the task, but 33% of the 18 normal mice learned little. TRGHM learned the task significantly faster than normal mice (p < 0.05) and made half as many errors in doing so, even when the normal nonlearners were excluded from the analysis. Whereas normal mice expressed a linear learning curve, TRGHM showed exponentially declining error rates. The contribution of the GH axis to cognition is conspicuously sparse in literature syntheses of knowledge concerning neuroendocrine mechanisms of learning and memory. This paper synthesizes the crucial role of major components of the GH axis in brain functioning into a holistic framework, integrating learning, sleep, free radicals, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. TRGHM show both enhanced learning in youth and accelerated aging. Thus, they may provide a powerful new probe for use in gaining an understanding of aspects of central nervous system functioning, which is highly relevant to human health.

Units of Action in Motor Control: Role of Response Complexity and target Speed

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana M. Schneider ◽  
Richard A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Target Speed

BLIND MEXICAN CAVE FISH (ASTYANAX HUBBSI) RESPOND TO MOVING VISUAL STIMULI

1994 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Teyke ◽  
S Schaerer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Cave Fish ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Aquarium Fish ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Test Aquarium ◽  
Optomotor Behaviour

In apparatus for measuring optomotor behaviour, blind Mexican cave fish, Astyanax hubbsi, increase their swimming velocity upon rotation of a striped cylinder, i.e. in response to a solely visual stimulus. The fish follow the movements of the stripes at (i) rotation velocities between 60 degrees s-1 and 80 degrees s-1, (ii) light intensities of less than 20 lx and, (iii) stimulus widths subtending an angle of less than 1 &deg;. Extirpation of the vestigial eye structures does not affect the response to the moving visual stimulus, which indicates that the response is mediated by extra-ocular photoreceptors. An optomotor response can be reliably evoked in a round test aquarium. Fish do not respond when the test aquarium contains environmental cues, such as bars on the wall or when a section of the round aquarium is divided off. This indicates that the fish obtain information about their environment from different sensory sources and that the visual stimulus is effective only when no other means of orientation are available. We suggest a modified theory of the optomotor response, which emphasizes the crucial role of the environment in eliciting the response and which permits behaviours more complex than just following the stimulus.

The role of vision on postural strategy evaluated in patients affected by congenital nystagmus as an experimental model

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-451
Author(s):  
S. Di Girolamo ◽  
W. Di Nardo ◽  
A. Cosenza ◽  
F. Ottaviani ◽  
A. Dickmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Postural Balance ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Congenital Nystagmus ◽  
Dynamic Posturography ◽  
Normal Controls

The role of vision in postural control is crucial and is strictly related to the characteristics of the visual stimulus and to the performance of the visual system. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of chronically reduced visual cues upon postural control in patients affected by Congenital Nystagmus (CN). These patients have developed since birth a postural strategy mainly based on vestibular and somatosensorial cues. Fifteen patients affected by CN and 15 normal controls (NC) were enrolled in the study and evaluated by means of dynamic posturography. The overall postural control in CN patients was impaired as demonstrated by the equilibrium score and by the changes of the postural strategy. This impairment was even more enhanced in CN than in NC group when somatosensorial cues were experimentally reduced. An aspecific pattern of visual impairment and a pathological composite score were also present. Our data outline that in patients affected by CN an impairment of the postural balance is present especially when the postural control relies mainly on visual cues. Moreover, a decrease in accuracy of the somatosensory cues has a proportionally greater effect on balance than it has on normal subjects.

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