Expression of an Erwinia phytoene desaturase gene not only confers multiple resistance to herbicides interfering with carotenoid biosynthesis but also alters xanthophyll metabolism in transgenic plants

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norihiko Misawa ◽  
Kazumori Masamoto ◽  
Tamaki Hori ◽  
Takeshi Ohtani ◽  
Peter Boger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Desaturase Gene ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides

Molecular Characterization of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants: The Phytoene Desaturase Gene in Tomato

1992 ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Pecker ◽  
Daniel Chamovitz ◽  
Varda Mann ◽  
Gerhard Sandmann ◽  
Peter Böger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Desaturase Gene

Transformation of Tobacco with a Mutated Cyanobacterial Phytoene Desaturase Gene Confers Resistance to Bleaching Herbicides

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 671-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Wagner ◽  
Ute Windhövel ◽  
Susanne Römer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
D1 Protein ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Desaturase Gene ◽  
Synechococcus Pcc 7942 ◽  
Pcc 7942 ◽  
Transformed Tobacco

Carotenoids are constituents of the photosynthetic apparatus and essential for plant survival because of their involvement in protection of chlorophylls against photooxidation. Certain classes of herbicides are interfering with carotenoid biosynthesis leading to pigment destruction and a bleached plant phenotype. One important target site for bleaching herbicides is the enzyme phytoene desaturase catalysing the desaturation of phytoene in ζ-carotene. This enzymatic reaction can be inhibited by norflurazon or fluridone. We have transformed tobacco with a mutated cyanobacterial phytoene desaturase gene (pds) derived from the Synechococcus PCC 7942 mutant NFZ4. Characterization of the resulting transformants revealed an up to 58 fold higher norflurazon resistance in comparison to wild type controls. The tolerance for fluridone was also increased 3 fold in the transgenics. Furthermore, the transformed tobacco maintained a higher level of D1 protein of photosystem II indicating a lower susceptibility to photooxidative damage in the presence of norflurazon. In contrast, the genetic manipulation did not confer herbicide resistance against ζ-carotene desaturase inhibitors.

scholarly journals Transformation of the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis with a Phytoene Desaturase for Accelerated Astaxanthin Biosynthesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 7477-7484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Steinbrenner ◽  
Gerhard Sandmann
Keyword(s):  
Green Alga ◽  
Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Desaturase Gene ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

ABSTRACT Astaxanthin is a high-value carotenoid which is used as a pigmentation source in fish aquaculture. Additionally, a beneficial role of astaxanthin as a food supplement for humans has been suggested. The unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis is a suitable biological source for astaxanthin production. In the context of the strong biotechnological relevance of H. pluvialis, we developed a genetic transformation protocol for metabolic engineering of this green alga. First, the gene coding for the carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme phytoene desaturase was isolated from H. pluvialis and modified by site-directed mutagenesis, changing the leucine codon at position 504 to an arginine codon. In an in vitro assay, the modified phytoene desaturase was still active in conversion of phytoene to ζ-carotene and exhibited 43-fold-higher resistance to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. Upon biolistic transformation using the modified phytoene desaturase gene as a reporter and selection with norflurazon, integration into the nuclear genome of H. pluvialis and phytoene desaturase gene and protein expression were demonstrated by Southern, Northern, and Western blotting, respectively, in 11 transformants. Some of the transformants had a higher carotenoid content in the green state, which correlated with increased nonphotochemical quenching. This measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence can be used as a screening procedure for stable transformants. Stress induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis by high light showed that there was accelerated accumulation of astaxanthin in one of the transformants compared to the accumulation in the wild type. Our results strongly indicate that the modified phytoene desaturase gene is a useful tool for genetic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis in H. pluvialis.

scholarly journals Multiple resistance of Conyza sumatrensis to Chlorimuronethyl and to Glyphosate

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Santos ◽  
R.S. Oliveira Jr. ◽  
J. Constantin ◽  
A. C. Francischini ◽  
J. B. Osipe
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
No Till ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides ◽  
Weed Resistance

Weed resistance to herbicides has been a major issue in Brazil, mainly due to the inefficiency of the herbicides used in no-till areas and to the high cost of these herbicide treatments. Failures in controlling the weed Conyza have been reported in Western and Northern grain crop areas in Paraná (Brazil). This work aimed to evaluate the potential occurrence of C. sumatrensis biotypes resistant to the herbicides chlorimuron-ethyl and glyphosate. Experiments were carried out under greenhouse conditions with four biotypes (Cascavel-2, Toledo-4, Tupãssi-6, and Assis Chateaubriand-7) possibly resistant to, as well as a population considered susceptible to chlorimuron-ethyl and glyphosate. To obtain dose-response curves, eight herbicide doses of chlorimuron-ethyl (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g ha-1) and glyphosate (0, 90, 180, 360, 720, 1,440, 2,880 and 5,760 g e.a. ha-1) were applied and weed control and shoot biomass evaluations were made. Results provided evidence that two biotypes (Cascavel-2 and Tupãssi-6) were resistant to glyphosate and four biotypes (Cascavel-2, Toledo-4, Tupãssi-6 and Assis Chateaubriand-7) were resistant to chlorimuronethyl. Multiple resistance to glyphosate and chlorimuron was confirmed for biotypes Cascavel2 and Tupãssi 6. This is the first report on multiple resistance in Conyza sumatrensis, worldwide.

Sumatran Fleabane (Erigeron sumatrensis) Resistant to PSI-Inhibitor Herbicides and Physiological Responses to Paraquat

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jéssica F. L. Leal ◽  
Amanda dos S. Souza ◽  
Junior Borella ◽  
André Lucas S. Araujo ◽  
Ana Claudia Langaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Fast Recovery ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Paraquat Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides

Abstract Herbicide-resistant weed management is one of the greatest agricultural challenges in crop production. Thus, the quick identification of resistant-herbicide weeds is extremely important for management. This study aimed to evaluate resistance to PSI-inhibitor herbicides (diquat) of Sumatran Fleabane [(Erigeron sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker)] and physiological response to paraquat application. The research was conducted with two E. sumatrensis biotypes, one susceptible and the other with multiple resistance to herbicides from five different modes of action (glyphosate, paraquat, diuron, saflufenacil, and 2,4-D). A dose-response assay was carried out to evaluate herbicide resistance to diquat in paraquat-resistant E. sumatrensis biotype. The enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured in both biotypes after paraquat (400 g ai ha−1) application. The dose-response assay confirmed resistance of E. sumatrensis to diquat with resistance factor levels of 26-fold and 6-fold for LD50 and GR50 values, respectively, compared with the susceptible biotype. The accumulation of H2O2 occurred faster in the paraquat-susceptible biotype than in the resistant ones. Paraquat treatment caused an increase in SOD and APX activity in the susceptible biotype, but antioxidant enzyme activities were unaffected by paraquat in the resistant one at 5 hours after application (HAA). Chlorophyll a fluorescence increased along the first 4 HAA in both resistant and susceptible biotypes. However, at 24 HAA the resistant biotype showed a decline in fluorescence close to untreated plants while susceptible one died, which can be used to diagnose paraquat resistance at 24 HAA. There is confirmed resistance to diquat in a paraquat-resistant E. sumatrensis biotype. The paraquat-resistant biotype does not induce antioxidative enzymes, as a possible mechanism of resistance to paraquat, but shows a fast recovery of photosynthesis and continuous growth when subjected to paraquat, while the paraquat-susceptible biotype does not survive.

Silenced Phytoene desaturase Gene as a Scorable Marker for Plant Genetic Transformation

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Vikas Yadav Patade ◽  
Deepti Khatri ◽  
Atul Grover ◽  
Maya Kumari ◽  
Sanjay Mohan Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Desaturase Gene

Photoregulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Mutants of Neurospora crassa: Activities of Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis and Conversion of Phytoene

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 570-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Sandmann
Keyword(s):  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Light Regulation ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Phytoene Desaturase ◽  
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate ◽  
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase ◽  
Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase ◽  
Lycopene Cyclase ◽  
Carotenoid Mutants

Synthesis of carotenoids is photoregulated in many fungi including Neurospora crassa. In order to investigate the regulatory mechanism at the enzyme level, several carotenoid mutants of Neurospora were used to determine the activities of enzymes involved in the carotenoid bio synthetic pathway after growth under illumination or in darkness. Light stimulation of carotenoid formation was due to enhanced activities of three subsequent enzymes, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, phytoene synthase, and phytoene desaturase indicating a coordinated regulation at the enzyme level. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and lycopene cyclase were not involved in light regulation. Immunological studies showed that in the case of phytoene desaturase higher activity in the light originated from an increased amount of this enzyme in light-grown cultures.

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