Scattering by a buried conducting object of general shape at low frequencies

1991 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Helaly ◽  
A. Sebak ◽  
L. Shafai
Keyword(s):  
General Shape ◽  
Low Frequencies

scholarly journals 2.5D controlled-source EM modeling with general 3D source geometries

Geophysics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. F387-F393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Streich ◽  
Michael Becken ◽  
Oliver Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Point Dipole ◽  
General Shape ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Controlled Source ◽  
Complex Source ◽  
Em Field ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
General Source

Most 2.5D controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) modeling algorithms presented to date explicitly consider only sources that are point dipoles oriented parallel or perpendicular to the direction of constant conductivity. This makes simulations of complex source geometries expensive, requiring separate evaluations of many point dipole fields, and thus limits the practical applicability of such schemes for simulating and interpreting field data. We present a novel 2.5D CSEM modeling scheme that overcomes this limitation and permits efficient simulations of sources with general shape and orientation by evaluating fields for the entire source at once. We accommodate general sources by using a secondary field approach, in which primary fields are computed for the general source and a 1D background conductivity model. To carry out the required Fourier transforms between space and wavenumber domain using the same fast cosine and sine transform filters as in conventional algorithms, we split the primary and secondary fields into their symmetric and antisymmetric parts. For complex 3D source geometries, this approach is significantly more efficient than previous 2.5D algorithms. Our finite-difference algorithm also includes novel approaches for divergence correction at low frequencies and EM field interpolation across conductivity discontinuities. We describe the modeling scheme and demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency by comparisons of 2.5D-simulated data with 1D and 3D results.

Gaussian ϕ(ρz) curves: Comparison with other models

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-193
Author(s):  
Alberto Riveros ◽  
Gustavo Castellano
Keyword(s):  
Good Description ◽  
Bulk Sample ◽  
Incident Electron Energy ◽  
Power Mean ◽  
General Shape ◽  
Ionization Cross ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mass Absorption ◽  
Absorption Correction ◽  
Image Position

X ray characteristic intensity Ii , emerging from element i in a bulk sample irradiated with an electron beam may be obtained throughwhere the function ϕi(ρz) is the distribution of ionizations for element i with the mass depth ρz, ψ is the take-off angle and μi the mass absorption coefficient to the radiation of element i.A number of models has been proposed for ϕ(ρz), involving several features concerning the interaction of electrons with matter, e.g. ionization cross section, stopping power, mean ionization potential, electron backscattering, mass absorption coefficients (MAC’s). Several expressions have been developed for these parameters, on which the accuracy of the correction procedures depends.A great number of experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations show that the general shape of ϕ(ρz) curves remains substantially the same when changing the incident electron energy or the sample material. These variables appear in the parameters involved in the expressions for ϕ(ρz). A good description of this function will produce an adequate combined atomic number and absorption correction.

The S-SH Confusion Test and the Effects of Frequency Lowering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1486-1505
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Compression ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Minimal Word ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Negative Side Effects

PurposeFrequency lowering in hearing aids can cause listeners to perceive [s] as [ʃ]. The S-SH Confusion Test, which consists of 66 minimal word pairs spoken by 6 female talkers, was designed to help clinicians and researchers document these negative side effects. This study's purpose was to use this new test to evaluate the hypothesis that these confusions will increase to the extent that low frequencies are altered.MethodTwenty-one listeners with normal hearing were each tested on 7 conditions. Three were control conditions that were low-pass filtered at 3.3, 5.0, and 9.1 kHz. Four conditions were processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC): 2 had a 3.3-kHz maximum audible output frequency (MAOF), with a start frequency (SF) of 1.6 or 2.2 kHz; 2 had a 5.0-kHz MAOF, with an SF of 1.6 or 4.0 kHz. Listeners' responses were analyzed using concepts from signal detection theory. Response times were also collected as a measure of cognitive processing.ResultsOverall, [s] for [ʃ] confusions were minimal. As predicted, [ʃ] for [s] confusions increased for NFC conditions with a lower versus higher MAOF and with a lower versus higher SF. Response times for trials with correct [s] responses were shortest for the 9.1-kHz control and increased for the 5.0- and 3.3-kHz controls. NFC response times were also significantly longer as MAOF and SF decreased. The NFC condition with the highest MAOF and SF had statistically shorter response times than its control condition, indicating that, under some circumstances, NFC may ease cognitive processing.ConclusionsLarge differences in the S-SH Confusion Test across frequency-lowering conditions show that it can be used to document a major negative side effect associated with frequency lowering. Smaller but significant differences in response times for correct [s] trials indicate that NFC can help or hinder cognitive processing, depending on its settings.

Prediction of Atmospheric Turbulence Characteristics for Surface Boundary Layer using Empirical Spectral Methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yagya Dutta Dwivedi ◽  
Vasishta Bhargava Nukala ◽  
Satya Prasad Maddula ◽  
Kiran Nair
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Atmospheric Turbulence ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Surface Boundary Layer ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Mean Wind Speed

Abstract Atmospheric turbulence is an unsteady phenomenon found in nature and plays significance role in predicting natural events and life prediction of structures. In this work, turbulence in surface boundary layer has been studied through empirical methods. Computer simulation of Von Karman, Kaimal methods were evaluated for different surface roughness and for low (1%), medium (10%) and high (50%) turbulence intensities. Instantaneous values of one minute time series for longitudinal turbulent wind at mean wind speed of 12 m/s using both spectra showed strong correlation in validation trends. Influence of integral length scales on turbulence kinetic energy production at different heights is illustrated. Time series for mean wind speed of 12 m/s with surface roughness value of 0.05 m have shown that variance for longitudinal, lateral and vertical velocity components were different and found to be anisotropic. Wind speed power spectral density from Davenport and Simiu profiles have also been calculated at surface roughness of 0.05 m and compared with k−1 and k−3 slopes for Kolmogorov k−5/3 law in inertial sub-range and k−7 in viscous dissipation range. At high frequencies, logarithmic slope of Kolmogorov −5/3rd law agreed well with Davenport, Harris, Simiu and Solari spectra than at low frequencies.

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