A review: The development of double row spacing to improve land productivity and income of rubber smallholders

Low prices of rubber has been a serious problem to rubber smallholders in Indonesia. Rubber-based intercropping systems offers a practical solution to this issue and increasing overall productivity of intercrops, for example upland rice and maize. This study reviewed the suitable spatial arrangements in rubber planting to long term impact based intercropping systems. A field experiment was established in a smallholder rubber plantation in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan with area of 50 ha. Two planting patterns of rubber PB 260 clone were tested: (1) single row planting pattern (SR) by 6 m x 3 m, and (2) double row planting pattern (DR) by 18 m x 2 m x 2.5 m. The experiment showed that girth of rubber trees in the SR system at the first tapping year was slightly larger than in DR system, even though statistically it was not significant. The latex yield per tree of SR and DR systems were similar, however, latex yield per hectare of SR system was higher than DR system due to a higher tree population in SR system. The DR system was technically suitable for long term intercropping, because when rubber tree can reached 8 to 9 years old and light penetration was more than 80% at distance from the rubber row. The total area required for rubber, upland rice and maize grown in monoculture to produce an equivalent of a one hectare of rubber-upland rice-maize intercrop is 1.87. This means the intercropping has an advantage compared to monoculture.

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Modification of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) Spacing for Long-term Intercropping

Journal of Tropical Crop Science ◽

10.29244/jtcs.6.01.50-59 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (01) ◽

pp. 50-59

Author(s):

Sahuri Sahuri ◽

Andi Nur Cahyo ◽

Risal Ardika ◽

Iman Satra Nugraha ◽

Aprizal Alamsyah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Upland Rice ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Rubber Plantation ◽

Double Row ◽

Planting Pattern ◽

Tree Population ◽

Latex Yield

Low prices of rubber has been a serious problem to rubber growers in Indonesia. Rubber-based intercropping systems offers a practical solution to this issue and increasing overall productivity, for example by growing upland rice and maize between the rubber tree rows. This study was aimed to determine the suitable spacing in rubber planting to facilitate long-term rubber-based intercropping systems. A field experiment was established in a smallholder rubber plantation in the Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan with area of 50 ha. Two planting patterns of rubber clone PB260 were tested: (1) single row planting pattern (SR) by 6 m x 3 m, and (2) double row planting pattern (DR) by 18 m x 2 m x 2.5 m. The experiment showed that the girth of the rubber trees with the SR system at the 1st tapping year was slightly larger than that in the DR system, even though statistically it was not signifi cant. The latex yield per tree of SR and DR systems were similar, however, latex yield per hectare of SR system was higher than the DR system due to a higher tree population in the SR system. The DR system was technically suitable for long term intercropping, because when the rubber tree reached 8 to 9-year-old, the light penetration was > 80% at distance of about 4 m from the rubber tree rows. Economically, DR system can increase the added values for rubber farmers because it allows long term intercropping. Rubber-based intercropping with DR system is suitable to be applied, especially by smallholders, with a marginal benefi t cost ratio of around 2.07. Keywords: Hevea, intercropping system, rubber planting pattern, spatial arrangement

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Effect of high-frequency tapping system on latex yield, tapping panel dryness, and biochemistry of young hillside tapping rubber

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha48412045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 2359-2367

Author(s):

Raweerat RUKKHUN ◽

Kesinee IAMSAARD ◽

Sayan SDOODEE ◽

Nipon MAWAN ◽

Nuttapon KHONGDEE

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Rubber Tree ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Rubber Plantation ◽

Rubber Plantations ◽

Yield Production ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Tapping Panel Dryness ◽

Latex Yield

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of high-frequency tapping system (1/3S 3d/4) on latex yield, biochemistry and its impact on the Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) of young RRIM600 hillside tapping rubber. The experiment was conducted at three different hillside rubber plantations (NM 1 - 3) at Na-Mom district, Song Khla province, Thailand. Eight-year-old rubber RRIM 600 clones was used in the experiment starting from 2008 until 2009. The rubber trees were investigated for latex yield production, bark consumption, and TPD. In addition, latex diagnosis (sucrose, inorganic phosphorus (Pi), and thiol levels) was measured. The results demonstrated that high-frequency tapping system positively affected the rubber latex yield formation. However, site-specific condition of rubber plantation altered latex yield production. NM 3 provided the highest latex yield (fresh and dry weight) as compared to other plantations. Tapping frequency was highly correlated to latex yield (fresh and dry weights) in all investigated rubber plantations (R2 > 0.75). Using high-frequency tapping system increased bark consumption and stimulated TPD. Moreover, results of latex diagnosis (sucrose, Pi, and thiol levels) showed relatively unhealthy rubber tree as impacted by high-frequency tapping system. Therefore, the farmer should consider it for better decision-making for tapping system application.

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Keragaan Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Berbasis Padi Gogo pada Lahan Kering di Maluku

JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN ◽

10.30598/jbdp.2019.15.1.51 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 51-60

Author(s):

Irfan Ohorella ◽

Sheny Kaihatu ◽

Edwen D Waas

Keyword(s):

Upland Rice ◽

Block Design ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Land Productivity ◽

Multiple Cropping ◽

Green Beans ◽

Planting Pattern ◽

Dry Land ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Randomized Block Design

Upland rice-based cropping pattern is a form of multiple cropping including intercropping, sequential planting, and relay planting where upland rice as a base crop can be preceded and/or rotated with other food crops as a secondary crop. The research was aimed to provide recommendations for upland rice-based cropping pattern technology in dryland agroecosystems in Maluku that would be able to increase land productivity > 1.00 (MCI = Multiple Cropping Index > 100%) compared to existing cropping patterns. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments and repeated five times (farmers as replications). Four treatments for upland rice-based planting pattern technology assemblies, namely: 1) Pattern-A (Farmer A Pattern); 2) Pattern-B (Farmer B Planting Pattern B); 3) Pattern C (Farmer Improvement Cropping Pattern); and 4) Pattern D (Introduced Plant Pattern). The results showed that upland rice was planted double (multiple cropping) through intercropping and/or sequential cropping, namely Improved Cropping Patterns (Pattern C = Upland Rice + Corn - Peanuts) and Introducing Cropping Patterns (Pattern D = Upland Rice + Corn/Cassava - Green Beans - Peanuts) can increase land productivity with a double-cropping index 1.35 - 1.80 (IPG = 135% - 180%) compared to upland rice grown in monoculture (Farming Patterns). Multiple cropping (Upland Rice + Corn/Cassava - Green Beans - Peanuts) can be recommended as Upland Rice-Based Planting Technology Package on dry land in Maluku, because it can increase land productivity> 1.00 with an MCI (Multiple Cropping Index) of 180%. Keywords: dry land, performance, upland rice ABSTRAK Pola Tanam berbasis padi gogo merupakan bentuk pola bertanam ganda meliputi tumpangsari, tumpang gilir (runtun) dan tanaman sisipan dimana padi gogo sebagai komoditi pokok (base crop) yang bisa didahului dan atau digilir dengan tanaman pangan lainnya sebagai komoditi ikutan (secondary crop). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatan rekomendasi paket teknologi pola tanam berbasis padi gogo pada agroekosistem lahan kering di Maluku yang mampu meningkatan produktivitas lahan > 1.00 (IPG = Indeks Pertanaman Ganda >100 %) dibandingkan dengan pola tanam petani eksisting. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan empat macam perlakuan dan diulang lima kali (petani sebagai ulangan). Empat perlakukan rakitan teknologi pola tanam berbasis padi gogo, yaitu: 1) Pola-A (Pola Tanam Petani A); 2) Pola-B (Pola Tanam Petani B); 3) Pola C (Pola Tanam Petani Perbaikan); dan 4) Pola D (Pola Tanaman Introduksi). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa padi gogo ditanam secara ganda (multiple cropping) melalui tumpangsari dan atau tumpanggilir, yaitu Pola Tanam Petani Perbaikan (Pola C = Padi Gogo + Jagung - Kacang Tanah) dan Pola Tanam Introduksi (Pola D = Padi Gogo + Jagung/Ubikayu - Kacang Hijau - Kacang Tanah) dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lahan 1.35 – 1.80 (IPG = 135% - 180%) dibandingkan jika padi gogo ditanam secara monokultur (Pola Tanam Petani). Pola bertanam ganda (Padi Gogo+Jagung/Ubikayu - Kacang Hijau - Kacang Tanah) dapat direkomendasikan sebagai Paket Teknologi Pola Tanam Berbasis Padi Gogo pada lahan kering di Maluku, karena dapat meningkatkan produktivitas lahan >1.00 dengan nilai IPG (Indeks Pertanaman Ganda) 180%. Kata Kunci: keragaan, lahan kering, padi gogo

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Intercropping the Sharp-Leaf Galangal with the Rubber Tree Exhibits Weak Belowground Competition

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10100924 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 924

Author(s):

Junen Wu ◽

Huanhuan Zeng ◽

Chunfeng Chen ◽

Wenjie Liu ◽

Xiaojin Jiang

Keyword(s):

Rubber Tree ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Agroforestry System ◽

Agroforestry Systems ◽

Tree Planting ◽

Rubber Plantation ◽

Belowground Competition ◽

Soil P ◽

Use Efficiency

Intercropping the sharp-leaf galangal with the rubber tree could help to improve the sustainability of the rubber tree planting industry. However, our understanding of belowground competition in such agroforestry systems is still limited. Therefore, we used stable isotope methods (i.e., water δ2H and δ18O and leaf δ13C) to investigate plant water-absorbing patterns and water use efficiency (WUE) in a monocultural rubber plantation and in an agroforestry system of rubber trees and sharp-leaf galangal. We also measured leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) to evaluate the belowground competition effects on plant nutrient absorption status. Through a Bayesian mixing model, we found that the monocultural rubber trees and the intercropped sharp-leaf galangal absorbed much more surface soil water at a depth of 0–5 cm, while the rubber trees in the agroforestry system absorbed more water from the shallow and middle soil layers at a depth of 5–30 cm. This phenomenon verified the occurrence of plant hydrologic niche segregation, whereas the WUE of rubber trees in this agroforestry system suggested that the competition for water was weak. In addition, the negative correlation between the leaf P concentration of the rubber trees and that of the sharp-leaf galangal demonstrated their competition for soil P resources, but this competition had no obvious effects on the leaf nutrient status of the rubber trees. Therefore, this study verified that the belowground competition between rubber trees and sharp-leaf galangal is weak, and this weak competition may benefit their long-term intercropping.

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Crisis Phones - Suicide Prevention Versus Suggestion/Contagion Effects

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000313 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 220-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Steven Stack

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Contagion Effects ◽

Long Term Impact

Abstract. Background: There has been no systematic work on the short- or long-term impact of the installation of crisis phones on suicides from bridges. The present study addresses this issue. Method: Data refer to 219 suicides from 1954 through 2013 on the Skyway Bridge in St. Petersburg, Florida. Six crisis phones with signs were installed in July 1999. Results: In the first decade after installation, the phones were used by 27 suicidal persons and credited with preventing 26 or 2.6 suicides a year. However, the net suicide count increased from 48 in the 13 years before installation of phones to 106 the following 13 years or by 4.5 additional suicides/year (t =3.512, p < .001). Conclusion: Although the phones prevented some suicides, there was a net increase after installation. The findings are interpreted with reference to suggestion/contagion effects including the emergence of a controversial bridge suicide blog.

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