Electron Transfer Reactions in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Electrochemistry may seem an outsider to the field of polymer science and controlled radical polymerization. Nevertheless, several electrochemical methods have been used to determine the mechanism of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using both a thermodynamic and a kinetic approach. Indeed, electron transfer reactions involving the metal catalyst, initiator/dormant species, and propagating radicals play a crucial role in ATRP. In this mini-review, electrochemical properties of ATRP catalysts and initiators are discussed, together with the mechanism of the atom and electron transfer in ATRP.1 Introduction2 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of ATRP Catalysts3 Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Properties of Alkyl Halides and Alkyl Radicals4 Atom Transfer from an Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Standpoint5 Mechanism of Electron Transfer in ATRP6 Electroanalytical Techniques for the Kinetics of ATRP Activation7 Electrochemically Mediated ATRP8 Conclusions

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Electron transfer reactions relevant to atom transfer radical polymerization

Journal of Organometallic Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.01.051 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 692 (15) ◽

pp. 3212-3222 ◽

Cited By ~ 115

Author(s):

Nicolay V. Tsarevsky ◽

Wade A. Braunecker ◽

Krzysztof Matyjaszewski

Keyword(s):

Electron Transfer ◽

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Transfer Reactions ◽

Atom Transfer ◽

Electron Transfer Reactions

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Inner sphere and outer sphere electron transfer reactions in atom transfer radical polymerization

Macromolecular Symposia ◽

10.1002/masy.19981340112 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 134 (1) ◽

pp. 105-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Krzysztof Matyjaszewski

Keyword(s):

Electron Transfer ◽

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Outer Sphere ◽

Transfer Reactions ◽

Atom Transfer ◽

Electron Transfer Reactions ◽

Inner Sphere ◽

Outer Sphere Electron Transfer

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A Cu(ii) metal–organic framework as a recyclable catalyst for ARGET ATRP

Polymer Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c6py01844k ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (47) ◽

pp. 7199-7203 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Hui-Chun Lee ◽

Markus Antonietti ◽

Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Electron Transfer ◽

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Recyclable Catalyst ◽

Atom Transfer ◽

Arget Atrp ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Organic Framework

A Cu(ii) MOF can serve as an comprehensive catalyst for activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) in the synthesis of benzyl methacrylate, styrene, isoprene and 4-vinylpyridine.

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Controlled Copolymerization ofn-Butyl Acrylate with Nonpolar 1-Alkenes Using Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer for Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization

Macromolecules ◽

10.1021/ma070822h ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 40 (15) ◽

pp. 5255-5260 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Kenya Tanaka ◽

Krzysztof Matyjaszewski

Keyword(s):

Electron Transfer ◽

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Butyl Acrylate ◽

Atom Transfer

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Rational design and preparation of dibenzothiophene-targeting molecularly imprinted polymers with molecular dynamics approaches and surface-initiated activators regenerated by electron-transfer atom-transfer radical polymerization

Journal of Applied Polymer Science ◽

10.1002/app.42629 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 132 (41) ◽

pp. n/a-n/a ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chunxiao Qiu ◽

Wenming Yang ◽

Zhiping Zhou ◽

Yongsheng Yan ◽

Wanzhen Xu

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Electron Transfer ◽

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽

Rational Design ◽

Atom Transfer ◽

Molecularly Imprinted ◽

Imprinted Polymers

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Activators generated electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization for immunosensing

Biosensors and Bioelectronics ◽

10.1016/j.bios.2010.08.041 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 970-975 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Yafeng Wu ◽

Songqin Liu ◽

Lin He

Keyword(s):

Electron Transfer ◽

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Atom Transfer

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Controlled synthesis of poly[(butyl methacrylate)-co -(butyl acrylate)] via activator regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization: insights and improvement

Polymer International ◽

10.1002/pi.4678 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 848-857 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Kevin A Payne ◽

Paul HM Van Steenberge ◽

Dagmar R D'hooge ◽

Marie-Françoise Reyniers ◽

Guy B Marin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Transfer ◽

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Butyl Acrylate ◽

Butyl Methacrylate ◽

Controlled Synthesis ◽

Atom Transfer

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Advances in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Advances in Polymer Technology ◽

10.1155/2019/7971683 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xin Hu ◽

Ning Zhu ◽

Kai Guo

Keyword(s):

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽

Radical Polymerization ◽

Feasible Solution ◽

Metal Catalyst ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Atom Transfer ◽

Significant Progress ◽

Future Directions ◽

Metal Free

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most robust tools to prepare well-defined polymers with precise topologies and architectures. Although series of improved ATRP methods have been developed to decrease the metal catalyst loading to parts per million, metal residue is the key limiting factor for variety of applications, especially in microelectronic and biomedical area. The feasible solution to this challenge would be the establishment of metal-free ATRP. Since 2014, organocatalyzed ATRP (O-ATRP) or metal free ATRP has achieved significant progress by developing kinds of organic photoredox catalysts. This review highlights the advances in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization as well as the potential future directions.

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