Observations on Cardiac Output and ”Pulmonary Blood Volume” in Normal Man by External Recording of the Intracardiac Flow of 131I Labelled Albumin

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 353-379
Author(s):  
Jacques Lammerant ◽  
Norman Veall ◽  
Michel De Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Volume ◽  
Intracardiac Flow ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
Mean Circulation

Summary1. The technique for the measurement of cardiac output by external recording of the intracardiac flow of 131I labelled human serum albumin has been extended to provide a measure of the mean circulation time from right to left heart and hence a new approach to the estimation of the pulmonary blood volume.2. Values for the basal cardiac output in normal subjects and its variations with age are in good agreement with the previously published data of other workers.3. The pulmonary blood volume in normal man in the basal state was found to be 28.2 ± 0.6% of the total blood volume.4. There was no correlation between cardiac output and pulmonary blood volume in a series of normal subjects in the basal state.5. The increase in cardiac output during digestion was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 6.3 ± 1.2% of the total blood volume, that is, about 280 ml.6. The increase in cardiac output during exercise was associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume equal to 4.5 ± 1.0% of the total blood volume, that is, about 200 ml.7. The increase in cardiac output attributed to alarm is not associated with a decrease in pulmonary blood volume, the latter may in fact be increased.8. The total blood volume is advocated as a standard of reference for studies of this type in normal subjects in preference to body weight or surface area.9. The significance of these results and the validity of the method are discussed.

Circulation of sympathectomized dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-794
Author(s):  
Shu Chien ◽  
Shunichi Usami
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Central Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Pentobarbital Anesthesia ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Circulation

In sympathectomized-splenectomized dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia, the total blood volume averaged 78 ml/kg, with 20% in the splanchnic circulation and 28% in the central blood volume. These values are almost the same as those found in the splenectomized (control) dogs with the sympathetic system intact. The over-all and the splanchnic Fcells factors are also not significantly different between these two groups. The sympathectomized animals had lower arterial pressure, cardiac output, and splanchnic blood flow, but the resistances calculated for the total and the splanchnic circulations were not significantly different from those of the control dogs. The mean circulation times for the total, the central, and the splanchnic circulations were all longer in the sympathectomized dogs. The data indicate that, under pentobarbital anesthesia, sympathectomized dogs are characterized by slower blood flows without any significant changes in either the blood volume or vascular resistance.

A588 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME (TBV) FROM CARDIAC OUTPUT AND MEAN CIRCULATION TIME

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 588A
Author(s):  
Gotz Wietasch ◽  
Thomas Scheeren ◽  
Andreas Hoeft ◽  
Joachim O. Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Mean Circulation

Cardiac Output, Oxygen Consumption and Renal Blood Flow in Essential Hypertension

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. London ◽  
M. E. Safar ◽  
J. L. Bouthier ◽  
R. M. Gitelman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Oxygen Difference

1. Cardiac output, oxygen consumption, total blood volume and mean circulatory transit time were investigated at rest in men with sustained essential hypertension in comparison with normal subjects of the same age and sex. 2. In normal subjects and in patients with hypertension, oxygen consumption was positively correlated to cardiac output. In hypertensives, the slope of the curve was significantly shallower with an increase in arteriovenous oxygen difference. 3. Oxygen consumption in both populations was negatively correlated with mean circulatory transit time but not with total blood volume. 4. In normal subjects, mean circulatory transit time and arteriovenous oxygen difference were positively correlated. The correlation was not significant in hypertensive patients. 5. The study suggests important abnormalities in the transport and cost of energy in erythrocytes of patients with sustained essential hypertension.

Mechanism for decrease in cardiac output with atrial natriuretic peptide in dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (3) ◽  
pp. H760-H765 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Lee ◽  
S. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic

To examine the mechanism by which atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decreases cardiac output, we studied changes in the heart, peripheral circulation, and blood flow distribution in eight dogs. ANP was given as a bolus (3.0 micrograms/kg) followed by an infusion of 0.3 microgram.kg-1.min-1. ANP did not change heart rate, total peripheral vascular resistance, and the first derivative of left ventricular pressure but decreased mean aortic pressure from 91 +/- 4 to 76 +/- 3 mmHg (P less than 0.001) and cardiac output from 153 +/- 15 to 130 +/- 9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (P less than 0.02). Right atrial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure also decreased. Mean circulatory filling pressure decreased from 7.1 +/- 0.3 to 6.0 +/- 0.3 mmHg (P less than 0.001), but venous compliance and unstressed vascular volume did not change. Resistance to venous return increased from 0.056 +/- 0.008 to 0.063 +/- 0.010 mmHg.ml-1.kg.min (P less than 0.05). Arterial compliance increased from 0.060 +/- 0.003 to 0.072 +/- 0.004 ml.mmHg-1.kg-1 (P less than 0.02). Total blood volume and central blood volume decreased from 82.2 +/- 3.1 to 76.2 +/- 4.6 and from 19.8 +/- 0.8 to 17.6 +/- 0.6 ml/kg (P less than 0.02), respectively. Blood flow increased to the kidneys. We conclude that ANP decreases cardiac output by decreasing total blood volume. This results in a lower operating pressure and volume in the venous capacitance system with no significant venodilating effects. Cardiac factors and a redistribution of flow to the splanchnic organs are not important mechanisms to explain the decrease in cardiac output with ANP.

CO2 diuresis, with special reference to role of the left atrial stretch receptor mechanism

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 844-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Valtin ◽  
I. D. Wilson ◽  
S. M. Tenney
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Stretch Receptor ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Erect Posture ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Volume ◽  
Voluntary Hyperventilation ◽  
Afferent System

Co2 diuresis is probably mediated via a nonosmotic influence on the supraopticohypophyseal system. Since the left atrial stretch receptor mechanism is one such nonosmotic system which Co2 might influence, experiments were designed to elucidate its role. It was found that Co2 diuresis may be abolished by the erect posture or by applying tourniquets high on the thighs while supine, and that it may be restored by standing in a tank of water or by mild exercise. Increases in plasma volume, total blood volume, or pulmonary blood volume, which conceivably might stretch the left atrium, did not occur during Co2 diuresis. Voluntary hyperventilation mimicking that which accompanies Co2 inhalation resulted in a much smaller diuresis and one which, unlike that of Co2, was accompanied by increased sodium excretion. Maintaining normal alveolar Co2 tension during voluntary hyperventilation by simultaneous inhalation of 2% Co2 in no way altered this result. Bilateral vagus section does not abolish Co2 diuresis, but may enhance it. It is concluded, therefore, that the left atrial stretch receptor mechanism is not the afferent system for Co2 diuresis. Submitted on January 26, 1959

The Meaning of Dopamine β-Hydroxylase in Essential Hypertension

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-579
Author(s):  
J. M. Alexandre ◽  
G. M. London ◽  
C. Chevillard ◽  
P. Lemaire ◽  
M. E. Safar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Borderline Hypertension ◽  
Haemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Apparently Healthy

1. Resting plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and haemodynamic parameters were studied in untreated borderline (twenty-nine) and permanent (twenty-seven) essential hypertensive patients. DBH was also measured in sixty-three apparently healthy subjects. 2. Mean DBH values were not significantly different between the groups. 3. Cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and the cardiopulmonary blood volume/total blood volume ratio (CPBV/TBV) were significantly higher in borderline than in permanent hypertensive patients. 4. In borderline hypertensive patients, plasma DBH activity was directly correlated with diastolic arterial pressure and with values of cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and CPBV/TBV ratio. No such correlations could be observed in the permanent hypertensive group. 5. These results suggest that plasma DBH activities in borderline hypertension mainly depend on the sympathetic activity responsible for the haemodynamic variations. Contrariwise, plasma DBH activities in permanent essential hypertensive patients appear to reflect other factors.

Alterations in Cardiac Function and Cardiopulmonary Blood Volume in Chronic Sodium Depletion in Dogs

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (s6) ◽  
pp. 393s-395s ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Lynn ◽  
F. Fouad ◽  
S. A. Cook ◽  
Carmen A. Napoli ◽  
C. M. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Sodium Depletion ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Ventricular Performance

1. Chronic sodium depletion in dogs is associated with a blunting of the pressor response to carotid occlusion. After section of the vagus nerves this pressor response reverts to normal although atropine is without effect, suggesting a possible role for increased activity of cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in suppressing sympathetic outflow. Since increases in central blood volume stimulate vagal afferents, cardiopulmonary haemodynamics were studied by radioisotope dilution before and after 3 and 4 weeks of dietary sodium restriction together with frusemide. 2. Sodium depletion was associated with significant decreases in cardiac output, ejection fraction and total blood volume; the cardiopulmonary blood volume increased but the change was not statistically significant (P<0.2). These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in the ratio cardiopulmonary blood volume/total blood volume and a decrease in the ratio cardiac output/cardiopulmonary blood volume. 3. Results indicate that sodium depletion may be accompanied by a paradoxical translocation of blood to the cardiopulmonary region in part due to depressed ventricular performance.

Pulmonary Red Cell and Plasma Volumes and Pulmonary Hematocrit in the Normal Dog

1956 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Rapaport ◽  
Hiroshi Kuida ◽  
Florence W. Haynes ◽  
Lewis Dexter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Circulation

Cr51-labeled red cells and Evans blue dye were used to measure cardiac output, circulating pulmonary and total red cell volumes, plasma volumes and resultant pulmonary and body hematocrits in nembutalized dogs. The pulmonary blood volumes were measured simultaneously by the mean circulation time-output, slope output and arteriovenous equilibration methods and averaged 210, 136 and 151 cc/10 kg, respectively, representing 28.6, 18.7 and 20.4% of the total blood volume. Pulmonary hematocrits averaged 37.6, 36.8 and 33.5%, respectively, compared to mean large vessel hematocrit of 39.7%. Total blood volume averaged 736 cc/10 kg. The mean of the ratios of body to large vessel hematocrit was .92. Cardiac outputs determined from plasma and red cell indicator dilution curves were in good agreement. The mean circulation time of red cells was consistently shorter and the exponential washout slope consistently steeper than of plasma. These differences resulted in a larger calculated total pulmonary volume by the mean circulation time and slope output methods using a plasma compared with a red cell tag; the resultant pulmonary hematocrits were significantly lower than large vessel hematocrits. The pulmonary hematocrits determined by the arteriovenous equilibration method were still lower than those calculated with the other methods. The explanation of this is uncertain. The demonstration by all three methods of a pulmonary hematocrit significantly lower than large vessel hematocrit indicates that the pulmonary bed participates in the lowering by capillary blood of large vessel hematocrit.

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