Measurement of Shoulder Abduction Angles in Dogs: An Ex Vivo Study of Accuracy and Repeatability

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and repeatability of the shoulder abduction test and to assess the effect of transection of the medial shoulder support structures in canine cadavers. Materials and Methods The shoulder abduction angle was measured by three separate observers, both with the shoulder extended and at a neutral angle. Shoulder abduction was then measured, using craniocaudal fluoroscopic images. Arthroscopy was performed in all shoulder joints, with the medial support structures transected in one shoulder of each dog. The three observers again measured shoulder abduction angles in all dogs. Shoulder abduction was measured again using fluoroscopy. Accuracy and repeatability of the abduction test were assessed using linear mixed models. Results All three observers had different measured abduction angles when compared with fluoroscopy (p < 0.01); however, the experienced surgeon had an error of only 2.9°. Inter-observer repeatability was poor, with all three observers having different abduction measurements (p < 0.001). Intra-observer repeatability, however, indicated no differences on repeated measurements (p = 0.26). Placing the shoulder at a neutral standing angle, and transection of support structures caused an average increase in abduction by 8.2° (p < 0.001) and 4.4° respectively. Conclusion Significant variation exists between observers performing this test, increased accuracy seen in the more experienced observer. Shoulder flexion angle can significantly affect measured abduction angles.

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Arm abduction angle at ball release influences shoulder forces and torques during the windmill softball pitch

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120s00407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7_suppl6) ◽

pp. 2325967120S0040

Author(s):

Donna Scarborough ◽

Ryan Fallon ◽

Eric Berkson ◽

Luke Oh, Shannon Linderman

Keyword(s):

Shoulder Pain ◽

Shoulder Joint ◽

High Speed ◽

Frontal Plane ◽

Abduction Angle ◽

Shoulder Abduction ◽

Compression Force ◽

Ball Release ◽

Shoulder Flexion ◽

Relationship Of

Objectives: Shoulder pain and ligamentous injury is a common complaint among fast pitch softball pitchers. In addition to extreme shoulder joint motion during pitch delivery, sudden deceleration immediately after ball release places increased stress across the shoulder joint. Some pitchers release the ball with the throwing arm tucked close to the trunk, while others let the arm float outwards in a more abducted position. The position of the arm at ball release (BR) may be key to the mechanism of shoulder pain. Previous work demonstrated that during the change up pitch, softball pitchers with upper extremity pain demonstrated greater shoulder abduction at stride and less trunk lateral flexion at BR compared to athletes without pain (Oliver et al 2018). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that placement of the arm closer to the trunk (shoulder adduction) at ball release will produce less shoulder stress during fastball windmill pitches. Methods: Twenty-six female fast pitch softball pitchers with a mean age of 18 +/- 6 y, including 16 high school, 7 collegiate, and 3 professional athletes, underwent 3D biomechanical pitch analyses using 20 Vicon high-speed motion capture cameras (240 hz). All pitchers threw the standard 13.11 m mound-to-plate distance at a strike zone target while a radar gun collected pitch speeds. The fastest, most accurate fastball pitches for each subject were selected for analyses (average of 5 pitches per subject). A total of 103 pitches were used to calculate: shoulder abduction angle and shoulder compression force during the BR phase (10 frames surrounding BR) and peak shoulder torques. Pearson correlations were performed to determine the relationship of shoulder frontal plane (adduction/abduction) angle during the ball release phase to these biomechanical measures. Results: The smallest abduction shoulder angle reached during the BR phase (avg: 14.06 +/- 6.71 degrees) demonstrated a significant positive correlation with shoulder compression force, p=0.008 and with peak flexion torque, p< 0.001 (Table 1). This shoulder abduction angle during the BR phase demonstrated negative correlations with peak shoulder adduction torque, p<0.001 and shoulder internal rotation torque, p< 0.001. Conclusion: These initial findings support the hypothesis that pitchers who release the ball with their arm close to their trunk demonstrate lower shoulder compression forces and shoulder flexion torques than those with a more abducted arm position. Future studies are needed to explore the interplay of pitching technique mechanics, shoulder joint stresses, and injury history to inform pitching instruction and injury prevention efforts. [Table: see text]

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Evaluation of the effect of irrigants on the accuracy and repeatability of three electronic apex locators: an ex vivo study

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i13.21636 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. e599101321636

Author(s):

Fábio Luiz Cunha D'Assunção ◽

Juan Ramon Salazar Silva ◽

Karen Christine Lacerda Arnaud ◽

Thiago Bezerra Leite ◽

Jozemar Pereira dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Repeatability Coefficient ◽

Human Teeth ◽

Apical Constriction ◽

Accuracy And Repeatability ◽

Ex Vivo Study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the accuracy and repeatability of three Electronic Apex Locators (EALs). Methodology: Thirty one human teeth were connected to a platform, irrigated with 2.0% CHX, and obtained two readings, again irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and obtained two more readings. The distance between the tip of the file and the apical constriction was measured. Repeatability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and repeatability coefficient (CR). Results: For CHX 2%, with the Mini Apex Locator, 25 of 31 electronic measurements were accurate (80.6%), 28 of 31 measurements for iPex (90.3%) and for Root ZX II 26 (83, 9%). For 2.5% NaOCl, with the Mini Apex Locator, 25 of the 31 measurements were accurate (80.6%), 28 of the 31 measurements for the iPex (90.3%) and for the Root ZX II, 24 (77, 4%). There were no differences between the two irrigants (p>0.05). The values (ICC) were 0.975 and 0.994 for the Mini Apex Locator, 0.981 and 0.971 for the i Pex and 0.994 and 0.995 for the Root ZX II. When using CHX, the (CR) was 0.196 for the Mini Apex Locator, 0.152 for the iPex and 0.088 for the Root ZX II. When using 2.5% NaOCl, the (CR) was 0.088 for the Mini Apex Locator, 0.196 for the iPex and 0.088 for the Root ZX II. Conclusions: The use of 2% CHX and 2.5% NaOCl did not affect the accuracy and repeatability of the three devices.

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Accuracy and Repeatability of 3 Apex Locators in Locating Root Canal Perforations: An Ex Vivo Study

Journal of Endodontics ◽

10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (8) ◽

pp. 1241-1244 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fábio Luiz Cunha D'Assunção ◽

Julio Cézar Nascimento Sousa ◽

Kayo César Amaro Felinto ◽

Thiago Clístines de Medeiros ◽

Diego Tavares Leite ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Accuracy And Repeatability ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Evaluation of Needle Core Biopsies in Adult Renal Cortical Tumors: An Ex Vivo Study

Yearbook of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.ypat.2011.10.001 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 161-163

Author(s):

M.L. Smith

Keyword(s):

Ex Vivo ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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Inhibitory activity of Cranberry extract on the bacterial adhesion in human urine: an ex vivo study

10.1055/s-0037-1608435 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

B Scharf ◽

U Dobrindt ◽

J Sendker ◽

A Hensel

Keyword(s):

Human Urine ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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Direct Visualization of A2, A3, and A4 Finger Flexor Pulley Injuries at 3-T and 7-T MRI: An Ex Vivo Study

10.1055/s-0040-1709548 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rafael Heiss ◽

Frank W. Roemer ◽

Christoph Lutter ◽

Rolf Janka ◽

Volker Schöffl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ex Vivo ◽

Direct Visualization ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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Impact of metal artefacts in QCT of the hip caused by a contralateral Gamma type nail: an ex vivo study

Bone Abstracts ◽

10.1530/boneabs.3.pp239 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Klaus Engelke ◽

Nicolas Bouler ◽

Oleg Museyko Fuerst ◽

Sebastien Parratte ◽

Thomas Fuerst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ex Vivo ◽

Metal Artefacts ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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The effect of a flexible 3D endoscope on the learning curve of endoscopic submucosal dissection: a bench top ex-vivo study

10.26226/morressier.57c53840d462b80296c9c18f ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Baldwin Po Man Yeung

Keyword(s):

Learning Curve ◽

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Submucosal Dissection ◽

3D Endoscope ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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Interactions between programmable shunt valves and magnetically controlled growing rods for scoliosis

Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics ◽

10.3171/2020.6.peds20299 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 667-670

Author(s):

Thomas Larrew ◽

Mohammed Alshareef ◽

Robert F. Murphy ◽

Ramin Eskandari ◽

Libby Kosnik Infinger

Keyword(s):

Remote Control ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Shunt Valve ◽

Growing Rods ◽

Growing Rod ◽

Before And After ◽

Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods ◽

Ex Vivo Study

OBJECTIVEAlthough the advent of magnetic growing rod technology for scoliosis has provided a means to bypass multiple hardware lengthening operations, it is important to be aware that many of these same patients have a codiagnosis of hydrocephalus with magnet-sensitive programmable ventricular shunts. As the magnetic distraction of scoliosis rods has not previously been described to affect the shunt valve setting, the authors conducted an investigation to characterize the interaction between the two devices.METHODSIn this ex vivo study, the authors carried out 360 encounters between four different shunt valve types at varying distances from the magnetic external remote control (ERC) used to distract the growing rods. Valve settings were examined before and after every interaction with the remote control to determine if there was a change in the setting.RESULTSThe Medtronic Strata and Codman Hakim valves were found to have setting changes at distances of 3 and 6 inches but not at 12 inches. The Aesculap proGAV and Codman Certas valves, typically described as MRI-resistant, did not have any setting changes due to the magnetic ERC regardless of distance.CONCLUSIONSAlthough it is not necessary to check a shunt valve after every magnetic distraction of scoliosis growing rods, if there is concern that the magnetic ERC may have been within 12 inches (30 cm) of a programmable ventricular shunt valve, the valve should be checked at the bedside with a programmer or with a skull radiograph along with postdistraction scoliosis radiographs.

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