The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-force eccentric muscle contractions on collagen remodeling and on circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in humans. Nine volunteers [5 men and 4 women, mean age 23 (SD 4) yr] each performed a bout of 100 maximum voluntary eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. Muscle biopsies were taken before exercise and on days 4 and 22 afterward. Image analysis of stained tissue sections was used to quantify endomysial collagen staining intensity. Maximum voluntary contractile isometric force was recorded preexercise and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 14 postexercise. Venipuncture blood samples were also drawn on these days for measurement of serum creatine kinase activity and concentrations of MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and the MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex. Maximum voluntary contractile force declined by 39 ± 23% (mean ± SD) on day 2 postexercise and recovered thereafter. Serum creatine kinase activity peaked on day 4 postexercise ( P < 0.01). Collagen type IV staining intensity increased significantly on day 22 postexercise to 126 ± 29% (mean ± SD) of preexercise values ( P < 0.05). Serum MMP-9 levels increased on day 8 postexercise ( P < 0.01), and serum TIMP-1 was also significantly elevated on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 14 postexercise ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that a single bout of eccentric muscle contractions results in remodeling of endomysial type IV collagen, possibly via the MMP pathway.
The Effect of Gender and Menstrual Phase on Serum Creatine Kinase Activity and Muscle Soreness Following Downhill Running