Rediscovering Voluntary Action

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Rochester
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Action

Schopenhauer and Hume on Will and Causation

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-174
Author(s):  
Severin Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Intentional Action ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
The World ◽  
Immediate Experience

One aspect of Schopenhauer’s doctrine that the world is will, which can be assessed independently of his more ambitious metaphysical ideas, is the claim that our own agency provides us with a full understanding of causation which then permeates and structures our experience of the world in general. In this chapter, the author argues that this claim can be defended against Hume’s well-known objections because they are based on a volitional theory of voluntary action, which Schopenhauer rightly rejected. Schopenhauer quite plausibly located an immediate experience of causation between at least some kinds of motives and our consequent actions. However, he was wrong in suggesting that this experience might be the source of our understanding of causation since intentional action already presupposes that understanding and cannot provide it. It is more plausible to argue that an understanding of causation is derived from our bodily encounters with material objects.

scholarly journals Design and evaluation of a novel approach to invisible electrocardiography (ECG) in sanitary facilities using polymeric electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline dos Santos Silva ◽  
Hugo Almeida ◽  
Hugo Plácido da Silva ◽  
António Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Signal Loss ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Toilet Seat ◽  
Novel Approach

AbstractMultiple wearable devices for cardiovascular self-monitoring have been proposed over the years, with growing evidence showing their effectiveness in the detection of pathologies that would otherwise be unnoticed through standard routine exams. In particular, Electrocardiography (ECG) has been an important tool for such purpose. However, wearables have known limitations, chief among which are the need for a voluntary action so that the ECG trace can be taken, battery lifetime, and abandonment. To effectively address these, novel solutions are needed, which has recently paved the way for “invisible” (aka “off-the-person”) sensing approaches. In this article we describe the design and experimental evaluation of a system for invisible ECG monitoring at home. For this purpose, a new sensor design was proposed, novel materials have been explored, and a proof-of-concept data collection system was created in the form of a toilet seat, enabling ECG measurements as an extension of the regular use of sanitary facilities, without requiring body-worn devices. In order to evaluate the proposed approach, measurements were performed using our system and a gold standard equipment, involving 10 healthy subjects. For the acquisition of the ECG signals on the toilet seat, polymeric electrodes with different textures were produced and tested. According to the results obtained, some of the textures did not allow the acquisition of signals in all users. However, a pyramidal texture showed the best results in relation to heart rate and ECG waveform morphology. For a texture that has shown 0% signal loss, the mean heart rate difference between the reference and experimental device was − 1.778 ± 4.654 Beats per minute (BPM); in terms of ECG waveform, the best cases present a Pearson correlation coefficient above 0.99.

Voluntary Action or Collusion ?

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-754
Author(s):  
S.K. Dey
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Action

scholarly journals Anticipation and the control of voluntary action

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorit Wenke ◽  
Rico Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Action

“Protecting Disaster Site, Support, and Recovery Workers”—A Brief Comment

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
David M. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Bush Administration ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Policy Changes

Jim Celenza ( New Solutions, Vol. 18, No. 3) wrote of a lack of clarity as to whether OSHA's role in disaster response efforts is one of consultation or of enforcement. Here, the author suggests the problem originates not in a lack of clarity but rather in substantive policy changes implemented during the Bush administration. The revisions emphasize voluntary action at the expense of regulation and enforcement. The changes arguably are at variance with OSHA's legal obligation to ensure protection of workers against avoidable harmful exposures, including those that occur during disaster response efforts.

Attitudes to voluntary action

2018 ◽  
pp. 183-216
Author(s):  
Rose Lindsey ◽  
John Mohan ◽  
Sarah Bulloch ◽  
Elizabeth Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
Voluntary Initiative ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Statistical Record ◽  
Over Time

This chapter reviews existing research on attitudes to voluntary action. Despite the importance of this topic, public attitudes have received even less consistent consideration over time than voluntary action itself. This chapter summarises information from the National Survey of Volunteering (1981 and 1991) and the British Social Attitudes Surveys (from the 1990s) on the virtues of voluntarism, and the relationship between voluntary action and government policy. However, given the later gaps in the statistical record, the emphasis in the chapter is firmly upon two key Mass Observation Project directives, implemented 16 years apart, in 1996 and 2012. Writers have a strong sense of where the boundary should lie between statutory responsibility and voluntary initiative; and demonstrate particular concerns of and criticisms about the use of volunteers to substitute for paid staff, and to undercut the position of the lowest-paid members of society. Writers also discuss strong concerns about the ways in which governments take the contribution of volunteers for granted, leading to scepticism about individual and community capacities to take on further social responsibilities. We argue that the rationales on which appeals for greater voluntary effort are made are crucial to the success of these appeals.

Stakeholder Theory: A Libertarian Defense

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Edward Freeman ◽  
Robert A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Theory ◽  
Voluntary Action

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to suggest that at least one strain of what has come to be called “stakeholder theory” has roots that are deeply libertarian. We begin by explicating both “stakeholder theory” and “libertarian arguments.” We show how there are libertarian arguments for both instrumental and normative stakeholder theory, and we construct a version of capitalism, called “stakeholder capitalism,” that builds on these libertarian ideas. We argue throughout that strong notions of “freedom” and “voluntary action” are the best possible underpinnings for stakeholder theory, and in doing so, seek to return “stakeholder theory” to its managerial and libertarian roots found in Freeman (1984).

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