Using a large, little-known collection of letters from the English consulate
in Tunis, this paper examines the environmental pressures that shaped
English communal life in the early modern Maghreb. Living together in
single ‘English houses’ in the midst of Muslim-dominated cities, merchants,
consuls and servants created surrogate families within their households.
These ‘families’ provided companionship, guidance and financial success.
Far from home, traders established dynamic local and international business
networks, formed deep personal and business relationships with their
housemates, and protected themselves and the more vulnerable members
of their communities from perceived moral, religious and physical harm.