Design of Integrated Water Systems: Water Distribution System, Household Water-Saving Scheme, and Sanitary Sewer Perspectives

Abstract An integrated method that evaluates conflicting hydraulic performances of water distribution systems (WDSs) and sanitary sewers (SSs) considering water-saving schemes (WSSs) under fixed (deterministic) or uncertain water demands was formulated. WSSs considered include household water-saving fixtures and appliances whose water flows impact water distribution system (WDS) and sanitary sewer (SS) hydraulic performances in different ways. In the proposed flexible approach, a multi-objective optimisation problem was formulated and solved considering trade-offs of three objectives: (1) maximisation of the average cost savings (2) maximisation of the average WDS resilience index and (3) minimisation of the average SS self-cleansing velocity deficit factor. The decision variables include water-saving fixture and appliance capacities that are applied in a deterministic or flexible manner at a household level. The constraints include WDS and SS hydraulic requirements together with decision bounds of the available water-saving scheme capacities. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was used to obtain trade-off solutions. This method was demonstrated in the corresponding WDS and SS network subsystems of Tsholofelo extension in Gaborone, Botswana. The results indicate that WSSs lead to visibly conflicting WDS and SS hydraulic performances. Moreover, considering uncertainty inherent in water demand and the corresponding planning and management of WDSs and SSs provides more sustainable solutions as demand uncertainties unveil.

Download Full-text

Water Saving Techniques Through Improved Water Distribution System in Deep Tubewell Area of Bangladesh

Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3923/jbs.2002.178.182 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 178-182

Author(s):

M. Maniruzzaman . ◽

M. M. Alam . ◽

F. I. M. Golam Wahed . ◽

M. T. Islam . ◽

M. N. Islam .

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Water Saving

Download Full-text

Water Productivity Improvement Using Water Saving Technologies in Boro Rice Cultivation

Bangladesh Rice Journal ◽

10.3329/brj.v20i1.30625 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

MB Hossain ◽

D Roy ◽

PLC Paul ◽

MT Islam

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Saving ◽

Electricity Cost ◽

Plastic Pipe ◽

Conventional Practice ◽

Boro Rice

An experiment was conducted at farmers' field aimed to evaluate the water saving technologies in Boro rice. The experiment involved three plots at 33 m, 65 m and 100 m distance from the water source. Each plot was divided into two parts to accommodate two management practices as research management (RM) and farmers management (FM). RM comprised of plastic pipe water distribution system to reduce conveyance loss and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method for field water management. FM comprised of earthen canal water distribution system and conventional irrigation method. BRRI dhan28 was cultivated with recommended agronomic practices. In RM, irrigation was applied when water level went 15 cm down below the ground surface where FM included conventional practice. Result showed that conveyance loss of water in earthen canal increased with increasing the distance from water source to field. Conveyance loss found 6.1 and 0.5 l s-1 per 100 m in earthen canal and plastic pipe distribution system, respectively. Plastic pipe distribution system successfully minimized 91.6% water loss that occurred in earthen canal. AWD practice alone saved 20.2% field water over conventional practice. Combination of AWD and plastic pipe had saved 42% water, Tk 2,270 ha-1 as electricity cost and Tk 2,947 ha-1 as irrigation cost over farmers management. RM had higher yield than FM due to better performance of yield contributing parameters. Water productivity increased from 0.35 kg m-3 in FM to 0.65 kg m-3 in RM. Both the technologies in RM are environment friendly for reducing groundwater use in the irrigated ecosystem.Bangladesh Rice j. 2016, 20(1): 17-22

Download Full-text

The Invisible Landscape

The Oxford Handbook of Historical Ecology and Applied Archaeology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672691.013.23 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 411-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lorenzo Caponetti

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Agriculture ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Water Systems ◽

Engineering Method ◽

Water Tunnel ◽

History Of ◽

Zero Emission ◽

The Invisible

This chapter highlights the experiences and results of a decade-long investigation of an Etruscan water tunnel (cuniculum) on a central Italian farm and the adaptation of this engineering method to a contemporary water distribution system. The history of these drainage and water distribution tunnels is discussed and the attributes that have made it possible for Etruscan water systems to survive over two millennia are identified. The chapter then proposes ways that this technology can be applied to the challenges posed by sustainable agriculture today. The discussion concludes by comparing a zero emission water distribution system that is currently employed on the author’s farm to its Etruscan ancestor, and suggests how archaeological knowledge can be applied in contemporary agricultural contexts

Download Full-text

Computer Applications in Urban Water Distribution System Control

Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control ◽

10.1115/1.3426888 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 117-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. S. Rao ◽

R. A. Seitle

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution System ◽

Research Effort ◽

Computer Control ◽

Water Systems ◽

Computer Applications ◽

Future Research ◽

System Control ◽

Simulation And Optimization

The objective of water distribution system control is to provide an adequate level of service at all points in the system economically under varying conditions of loading. With the increase in size and complexity of water systems, the need for reliable and economic operation has resulted in the use of digital computers for data acquisition and supervisory control. In this paper, the functional aspects of computer control of water systems are discussed with respect to (i) alternative system configurations for reliability and cost, and (ii) the application of mathematical models for simulation and optimization of the distribution system operation. Both on-line and off-line software requirements for computer control are discussed. Finally, examples of applications of recent developments in computer control are given together with directions for future research effort.

Download Full-text