scholarly journals Water Productivity Improvement Using Water Saving Technologies in Boro Rice Cultivation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
MB Hossain ◽  
D Roy ◽  
PLC Paul ◽  
MT Islam
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Plastic Pipe ◽  
Conventional Practice ◽  
Boro Rice

An experiment was conducted at farmers' field aimed to evaluate the water saving technologies in Boro rice. The experiment involved three plots at 33 m, 65 m and 100 m distance from the water source. Each plot was divided into two parts to accommodate two management practices as research management (RM) and farmer’s management (FM). RM comprised of plastic pipe water distribution system to reduce conveyance loss and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method for field water management. FM comprised of earthen canal water distribution system and conventional irrigation method. BRRI dhan28 was cultivated with recommended agronomic practices. In RM, irrigation was applied when water level went 15 cm down below the ground surface where FM included conventional practice. Result showed that conveyance loss of water in earthen canal increased with increasing the distance from water source to field. Conveyance loss found 6.1 and 0.5 l s-1 per 100 m in earthen canal and plastic pipe distribution system, respectively. Plastic pipe distribution system successfully minimized 91.6% water loss that occurred in earthen canal. AWD practice alone saved 20.2% field water over conventional practice. Combination of AWD and plastic pipe had saved 42% water, Tk 2,270 ha-1 as electricity cost and Tk 2,947 ha-1 as irrigation cost over farmer’s management. RM had higher yield than FM due to better performance of yield contributing parameters. Water productivity increased from 0.35 kg m-3 in FM to 0.65 kg m-3 in RM. Both the technologies in RM are environment friendly for reducing groundwater use in the irrigated ecosystem.Bangladesh Rice j. 2016, 20(1): 17-22

Microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Birks ◽  
J. Colbourne ◽  
S. Hills ◽  
R. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Human Contact

The Thames Water recycling plant at the Millennium Dome, London, reclaimed three sources of water: greywater from the washbasins, rainwater from the Dome roof and groundwater from a borehole on site. These were pre-treated separately, and the mixed stream filtered using ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Monitoring for indicator microorganisms was undertaken throughout the plant and in the reclaimed water distribution system, as well as ad-hoc monitoring for the presence of pathogens in the raw waters. Treatment to the level of ultrafiltration was more than adequate to produce a water quality meeting existing worldwide reclaimed water guidelines for toilet flushing. Owing to the excellent quality of the water leaving the plant, no significant microbiological growth was observed in the reclaimed water distribution system during the year. The raw greywater exhibited a higher faecal bacterial load than the rainwater and groundwater, as predicted from more human contact (i.e. hand washing). Environmental strains of Legionella were observed in the three raw greywater samples analysed for pathogens, as was Cryptosporidium, Giardia and faecal enterococci. The rainwater had relatively high levels of faecal bacteria, probably of avian origin. Giardia was detected in one rainwater sample confirming the potential for this water source to contain pathogens.

Water Saving Techniques Through Improved Water Distribution System in Deep Tubewell Area of Bangladesh

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
M. Maniruzzaman . ◽  
M. M. Alam . ◽  
F. I. M. Golam Wahed . ◽  
M. T. Islam . ◽  
M. N. Islam .
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Saving

scholarly journals Flexible and deterministic household water saving under water demand uncertainty: existing water distribution system and sanitary sewer perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocent Basupi
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Sanitary Sewer ◽  
Household Water

Abstract An integrated method that evaluates conflicting hydraulic performances of water distribution systems (WDSs) and sanitary sewers (SSs) considering water-saving schemes (WSSs) under fixed (deterministic) or uncertain water demands was formulated. WSSs considered include household water-saving fixtures and appliances whose water flows impact water distribution system (WDS) and sanitary sewer (SS) hydraulic performances in different ways. In the proposed flexible approach, a multi-objective optimisation problem was formulated and solved considering trade-offs of three objectives: (1) maximisation of the average cost savings (2) maximisation of the average WDS resilience index and (3) minimisation of the average SS self-cleansing velocity deficit factor. The decision variables include water-saving fixture and appliance capacities that are applied in a deterministic or flexible manner at a household level. The constraints include WDS and SS hydraulic requirements together with decision bounds of the available water-saving scheme capacities. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was used to obtain trade-off solutions. This method was demonstrated in the corresponding WDS and SS network subsystems of Tsholofelo extension in Gaborone, Botswana. The results indicate that WSSs lead to visibly conflicting WDS and SS hydraulic performances. Moreover, considering uncertainty inherent in water demand and the corresponding planning and management of WDSs and SSs provides more sustainable solutions as demand uncertainties unveil.

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