<div>Lower hybrid waves are investigated at the magnetosheath separatrix region in asymmetric guide-field reconnection at Earth&#8217;s magnetopause by using MMS observations. These waves are found in a limited region, depending on the density gradient across the separatrix, and they are driven by the lower hybrid drift instability. Properties of these waves are presented: (1) the waves propagate towards the x-line due to the out-of-plane magnetic field, consistent with the electron drift direction; (2) the wave potential is about 20% of the electron temperature. These drift waves effectively produce cross-field particle diffusion, enabling the entry of magnetosheath electrons into the exhaust region.</div>
Fluid simulations of three-dimensional reconnection that capture the lower-hybrid drift instability
