High resolution X-ray spectroscopy of the brightest knot of emission in the Puppis A supernova remnant shows that it is made up of ionizing plasma, far from equilibrium. Flux measurements in several X-ray lines enable us to determine the non-equilibrium conditions: electron temperature, ion populations, and time since the knot was heated by the supernova shock. Imaging and spectroscopic data from the Einstein Observatory together suggest that this knot is a cloud of density about 10 cm−3 which has recently been shocked to a temperature 7 × 106 K. Radio and optical data on the region appear consistent with this picture.
Non-equilibrium x-ray spectroscopy using direct quantum dynamics
