What's the Difference between Men and Women? Evidence from Facial Measurement

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mike Burton ◽  
Vicki Bruce ◽  
Neal Dench
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Picture Plane ◽  
Distance Measurements ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Full Face

Human subjects are able to identify the sex of faces with very high accuracy. Using photographs of adults in which hair was concealed by a swimming cap, subjects performed with 96% accuracy. Previous work has identified a number of dimensions on which the faces of men and women differ. An attempt to combine these dimensions into a single function to classify male and female faces reliably is described. Photographs were taken of 91 male and 88 female faces in full face and profile. These were measured in several ways: (i) simple distances between key points in the pictures; (ii) ratios and angles formed between key points in the pictures; (iii) three-dimensional (3-D) distances derived by combination of full-face and profile photographs. Discriminant function analysis showed that the best discriminators were derived from simple distance measurements in the full face (85% accuracy with 12 variables) and 3-D distances (85% accuracy with 6 variables). Combining measures taken from the picture plane with those derived in 3-D produced a discriminator approaching human performance (94% accuracy with 16 variables). Performance of the discriminant function was compared with that of human perceivers and found to be correlated, but far from perfectly. The difficulty of deriving a reliable function to distinguish between the sexes is discussed with reference to the development of automatic face-processing programs in machine vision. It is argued that such systems will need to incorporate an understanding of the stimuli if they are to be effective.

Gender Differences in Persistence in Computer-Related Fields

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Jagacinski ◽  
William K. Lebold ◽  
Gavriel Salvendy
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
School Science ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
High School Science ◽  
Computer Engineering ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Math Ability

The effectiveness of precollege and college achievement measures in predicting persistence for men and women in computer-related fields was examined. Persistence rates were similar for men and women in computer technology, electrical/computer engineering, and industrial engineering. However, fewer women than men persisted in computer science. Discriminant function analysis was conducted separately for men and women in each field and was equally effective for men and women in correctly classifying persisters and nonper-sisters (64–72%) in each field except computer technology where the classification rate was considerably lower for women (58%). GPA was generally the most important variable followed by a measure of math ability. High school science grades and number of semesters were often selected for the discriminant function for men, but not for women. The potential role of nonachievement factors in persistence such as peer and faculty support and expectancies are also discussed.

Use of Body Shape Information in Clothing Size Selection

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (38) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Meunier
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Information ◽  
Size Selection ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Input Variables

To investigate the role of body shape information on clothing size selection, a sample of 143 males were measured and sized using a computerized digital-image based measurement system. Clothing sizes were initially determined by the system using traditional criteria for the long sleeve shirt, jacket and trousers of a military dress uniform. The best-fitting size was determined by trial and error based on subjective feedback and expert judgement, provided by clothing and sizing technicians. Discriminant function analysis was used to determine sizing rules for each garment, based on different sets of anthropometric input variables. Comparisons were made between the prediction performances of discriminant functions derived from traditional variables and those of functions derived from 3D landmark coordinates. The results indicate that the use of three-dimensional landmark coordinates, as input to a discriminant function analysis, is superior to the use of circumference measurements in predicting clothing sizes. The use of these landmarks is thought to improve the classification of cases by allowing a better characterization of body shape.

scholarly journals Identification of Race: A Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric and Conventional Analysis of Human Fourth Cervical Vertebrae in Adult Malaysian Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1(Special)) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ja Young Shin ◽  
Aspalilah Alias ◽  
Eric Chung ◽  
Wei Lin Ng ◽  
Yuan Seng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Malaysian Population

Introduction: Estimation of race plays a significant role in establishing personal identity in forensic anthropology. A cervical vertebra is one of the bones that is least researched in forensic applications. Our study aims to investigate the  morphologic variations of the fourth cervical vertebrae (C4) between the different major races in the adult Malaysian population using a three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics method. Methods: Computer tomography images of C4 vertebra, which consist of 386 subjects (169 Malay, 82 Chinese, and 135 Indian) were collected retrospectively from University of Malaya. Twenty-eight landmarks were placed on the images. Procrustes MANOVA, canonical variates analysis(CVA), discriminant function analysis (DFA), and linear measurement were performed using Planmeca Romexis, Checkpoint Stratovan, Morpho J, and Graphpad Prism software respectively to analyze the morphological variations of C4. Results: Procrustes MANOVA showed significant differences in the shape (p <0.0001) and centroid size (p = 0.0003) of the C4 vertebra between races. Canonical variate analysis showed significant differences for Mahalanobis (p <0.0001) and Procrustes (p <0.0001) distances among races. Besides that, a cross-validation value of 66.5% was demonstrated by discriminant function analysis. The use of linear measurements reveals no significant differences between the races, thesemeasurements are the vertebral body height, anterior-posterior length of the vertebral body, length of superior articular facet, and spinous process length. Both intra- and inter-observational reliabilities showed that acceptable human errors for measurement accuracy. Conclusions: Morphologic variations in the shape of C4 can assist in race estimation of the adult Malaysian population using the 3D geometric morphometric approach.

Stock delineation of the long-whiskered catfish, Sperata aor (Hamilton 1822), from River Ganga by using morphometrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Afzal Khan ◽  
Aafaq Nazir
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Distance Measurements ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
River Ganga

Long-term isolation of populations and interbreeding can lead to morphometric variations among fish populations. This study was conducted with the objective to delineate stock structure of Sperata aor on the basis of morphometric characters, using truss network of the fish body. In total, 407 S. aor samples were collected from the four sampling locations of the Ganga River, viz. Narora, Kanpur, Varanasi and Bhagalpur. In total, 28 truss distance measurements were created by joining 13 morphometric landmarks on the fish body. MANCOVA showed significant (P<0.001) morphological variance among the sampling locations for the target fish species. Univariate ANOVA showed significant (P<0.001) differences in each of the morphometric measurements among the fish from different sampling locations. Wilk’s lambda test of canonical discriminant function analysis showed significant (P<0.001) differences in morphometric measurements of the fish from all sampling locations. Discriminant function analysis using Jackknife (leave-one-out) cross-validation classification showed 87.5% correct classification of the individuals into their original populations. Mantel test showed an overall good correlation between the genetic and morphometric datasets in the selected fish species. The results of this study can be employed in formulating stock-specific management strategies for S. aor from River Ganga.

Modeling human tumor angiogenesis in a three-dimensional culture system

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 121 (21) ◽  
pp. e129-e137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Seano ◽  
Giulia Chiaverina ◽  
Paolo Armando Gagliardi ◽  
Laura di Blasio ◽  
Roberto Sessa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Angiogenesis ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Innovative System ◽  
Antiangiogenic Drug ◽  
Gene Function Analysis

Key Points Human arterial ring assay is an innovative system for the three-dimensional study of tumor angiogenesis. This assay can be exploited for antiangiogenic drug screening and gene function analysis on human vessels.

Diagnoses Generated by Numerical Taxonomic Methods Applied to Standard Blood Variables

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 205-209
Author(s):  
L. A. Abbott ◽  
J. B. Mitton
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Components Analysis

Data taken from the blood of 262 patients diagnosed for malabsorption, elective cholecystectomy, acute cholecystitis, infectious hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or chronic renal disease were analyzed with three numerical taxonomy (NT) methods : cluster analysis, principal components analysis, and discriminant function analysis. Principal components analysis revealed discrete clusters of patients suffering from chronic renal disease, liver cirrhosis, and infectious hepatitis, which could be displayed by NT clustering as well as by plotting, but other disease groups were poorly defined. Sharper resolution of the same disease groups was attained by discriminant function analysis.

scholarly journals Description of Echolocation Call Parameters for Urban Bats in Vietnam as a Step Towards a More Integrated Acoustic Monitoring of Urban Wildlife in Southeast Asia

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Long Kim Pham ◽  
Bang Van Tran ◽  
Quy Tan Le ◽  
Trung Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Christian C. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Echolocation Call ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Pilot Work ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

This study is the first step towards more systematic monitoring of urban bat fauna in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries by collecting bat echolocation call parameters in Ho Chi Minh and Tra Vinh cities. We captured urban bats and then recorded echolocation calls after releasing in a tent. Additional bat’s echolocation calls from the free-flying bats were recorded at the site where we captured bat. We used the obtained echolocation call parameters for a discriminant function analysis to test the accuracy of classifying these species based on their echolocation call parameters. Data from this pilot work revealed a low level of diversity for the studied bat assemblages. Additionally, the discriminant function analysis successfully classified bats to four bat species with an accuracy of >87.4%. On average, species assignments were correct for all calls from Taphozous melanopogon (100% success rate), for 70% of calls from Pipistrellus javanicus, for 80.8% of calls from Myotis hasseltii and 67.3% of calls from Scotophilus kuhlii. Our study comprises the first quantitative description of echolocation call parameters for urban bats of Vietnam. The success in classifying urban bats based on their echolocation call parameters provides a promising baseline for monitoring the effect of urbanization on bat assemblages in Vietnam and potentially also other Southeast Asian countries.

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