Modification of Depth and Distance Perception Caused by Long-Term Wearing of Left—Right Reversing Spectacles

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3342 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ichikawa ◽  
Takahiko Kimura ◽  
Hiroyuki Egusa ◽  
Makiko Nakatsuka ◽  
Jun Amano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Depth Order ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Monocular Depth

For 35 to 39 days, four observers wore continuously left–right reversing spectacles which pseudoscopically reverse the order of binocular disparity and direction of convergence. In three tests, we investigated how the visual system copes with the transformation of depth and distance information due to the reversing spectacles. In stereogram observation, after a few days of wearing the spectacles, the observers sometimes perceived a depth order which was opposite to the depth order that they had perceived in the pre-spectacle-wearing period. Monocular depth cues contributed more to depth perception in the spectacle-wearing period than they did in the pre-spectacle-wearing period. While the perceived distance significantly decreased during the spectacle-wearing period, we found no evidence of adaptive change in distance perception. The results indicate that the visual system adapts itself to the transformed situation by not only changing the processing of disparity but also by changing the relative efficiency of each cue in determining apparent depth.

Interaction between Colour and Depth Channels in Transparent Colour Perception

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 115-115
Author(s):  
K Okajima ◽  
M Takase ◽  
S Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Colour Perception

Two colours can be perceived at one location on overlapping planes only when the front plane is transparent. This phenomenon suggests that colour information processing is not independent of depth information processing and vice versa. To investigate the interaction between colour and depth channels, we used colour stimuli and binocular parallax to identify the conditions for transparency. Each stimulus, presented on a CRT to one eye, consisted of a centre patch and a surround. Binocular disparity was set so that the centre patch could be seen behind the surround. However, the surround appears to be behind the centre patch when the surround is perceived as an opaque plane. We examined several combinations of basic colours for the centre patch and surround. The surround luminance was constant at 1.0 cd m−2 and the luminance of the centre was varied. Subjects used the apparent depth of the surround to report whether or not transparency occurred. The results show two types of transparency: ‘bright-centre transparency’ and ‘dark-centre transparency’. We found that the range of centre luminances which yield transparency depends on the combination of centre and surround colours, ie influences of brightness and colour opponency were found. We conclude that there is interaction between colour and depth channels in the visual system.

scholarly journals Border-ownership-dependent tilt aftereffect for shape defined by binocular disparity and motion parallax

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Rideaux ◽  
William J Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Depth Order ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Ground Segmentation

ABSTRACTDiscerning objects from their surrounds (i.e., figure-ground segmentation) in a way that guides adaptive behaviours is a fundamental task of the brain. Neurophysiological work has revealed a class of cells in the macaque visual cortex that may be ideally suited to support this neural computation: border-ownership cells (Zhou, Friedman, & von der Heydt, 2000). These orientation-tuned cells appear to respond conditionally to the borders of objects. A behavioural correlate supporting the existence of these cells in humans was demonstrated using two-dimensional luminance defined objects (von der Heydt, Macuda, & Qiu, 2005). However, objects in our natural visual environments are often signalled by complex cues, such as motion and depth order. Thus, for border-ownership systems to effectively support figure-ground segmentation and object depth ordering, they must have access to information from multiple depth cues with strict depth order selectivity. Here we measure in humans (of both sexes) border-ownership-dependent tilt aftereffects after adapting to figures defined by either motion parallax or binocular disparity. We find that both depth cues produce a tilt aftereffect that is selective for figure-ground depth order. Further, we find the effects of adaptation are transferable between cues, suggesting that these systems may combine depth cues to reduce uncertainty (Bülthoff & Mallot, 1988). These results suggest that border-ownership mechanisms have strict depth order selectivity and access to multiple depth cues that are jointly encoded, providing compelling psychophysical support for their role in figure-ground segmentation in natural visual environments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSegmenting a visual object from its surrounds is a critical function that may be supported by “border-ownership” neural systems that conditionally respond to object borders. Psychophysical work indicates these systems are sensitive to objects defined by luminance contrast. To effectively support figure-ground segmentation, however, neural systems supporting border-ownership must have access to information from multiple depth cues and depth order selectivity. We measured border-ownership-dependent tilt aftereffects to figures defined by either motion parallax or binocular disparity and found aftereffects for both depth cues. These effects were transferable between cues, but selective for figure-ground depth order. Our results suggest that the neural systems supporting figure-ground segmentation have strict depth order selectivity and access to multiple depth cues that are jointly encoded.

How is Depth Perception Affected by Long-Term Wearing of Left-Right Reversing Spectacles?

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ichikawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Egusa
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Directional Relation ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram ◽  
Binocular Depth

The plasticity of binocular depth perception was investigated. Six subjects wore left-right reversing spectacles continuously for 10 or 11 days. On looking through the spectacles, the relation between the direction of physical depth (convex or concave) and the direction of binocular disparity (crossed or uncrossed) was reversed, but other depth cues did not change. When subjects observed stereograms through a haploscope and were asked to judge the direction of perceived depth, the directional relation between perceived depth and disparity was reversed both in the two line-contoured stereograms and in the random-dot stereogram in the middle of the wearing period, but the normal relation often returned late in the wearing period. When subjects observed two objects while wearing the spectacles and were asked which appeared the nearer, veridical depth perception increased as the wearing-time passed. These results indicate that the visual transformation reversing the direction of binocular disparity causes changes both in binocular stereopsis and in processes integrating different depth cues.

Binocular Disparity and Head-Up Displays

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Retinal Disparity ◽  
Visual Discomfort ◽  
Perceptual Effect ◽  
Depth Cues

Collimation errors present in displays such as the head-up display (HUD) will produce retinal disparity on the retinae of the observer and will have the effect of altering the spatial location of the display. It is apparent that this can, in some instances, give rise to visual discomfort. Psychophysical methods were used to examine the sensitivity and the tolerances of the visual system to binocular disparity in HUDs. It was shown that, when left to their own devices, subjects preferred a small positive disparity to exist between the HUD and the outside world and that even small amounts of negative disparity can have a disturbing perceptual effect. The effect is discussed in relation to the contradictory depth cues which can exist in this kind of electro-optical display.

scholarly journals A neural mechanism for detecting object motion during self-motion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HyungGoo Kim ◽  
Dora Angelaki ◽  
Gregory DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Observer Motion ◽  
Self Motion

Detecting objects that move in a scene is a fundamental computation performed by the visual system. This computation is greatly complicated by observer motion, which causes most objects to move across the retinal image. How the visual system detects scene-relative object motion during self-motion is poorly understood. Human behavioral studies suggest that the visual system may identify local conflicts between motion parallax and binocular disparity cues to depth, and may use these signals to detect moving objects. We describe a novel mechanism for performing this computation based on neurons in macaque area MT with incongruent depth tuning for binocular disparity and motion parallax cues. Neurons with incongruent tuning respond selectively to scene-relative object motion and their responses are predictive of perceptual decisions when animals are trained to detect a moving object during selfmotion. This finding establishes a novel functional role for neurons with incongruent tuning for multiple depth cues.

scholarly journals Border ownership-dependent tilt aftereffect for shape defined by binocular disparity and motion parallax

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1917-1923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Rideaux ◽  
William J. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Tilt Aftereffect ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Depth Order ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Ground Segmentation ◽  
Object Depth ◽  
The Brain

Discerning objects from their surrounds (i.e., figure-ground segmentation) in a way that guides adaptive behaviors is a fundamental task of the brain. Neurophysiological work has revealed a class of cells in the macaque visual cortex that may be ideally suited to support this neural computation: border ownership cells (Zhou H, Friedman HS, von der Heydt R. J Neurosci 20: 6594–6611, 2000). These orientation-tuned cells appear to respond conditionally to the borders of objects. A behavioral correlate supporting the existence of these cells in humans was demonstrated with two-dimensional luminance-defined objects (von der Heydt R, Macuda T, Qiu FT. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 22: 2222–2229, 2005). However, objects in our natural visual environments are often signaled by complex cues, such as motion and binocular disparity. Thus for border ownership systems to effectively support figure-ground segmentation and object depth ordering, they must have access to information from multiple depth cues with strict depth order selectivity. Here we measured in humans (of both sexes) border ownership-dependent tilt aftereffects after adaptation to figures defined by either motion parallax or binocular disparity. We find that both depth cues produce a tilt aftereffect that is selective for figure-ground depth order. Furthermore, we find that the effects of adaptation are transferable between cues, suggesting that these systems may combine depth cues to reduce uncertainty (Bülthoff HH, Mallot HA. J Opt Soc Am A 5: 1749–1758, 1988). These results suggest that border ownership mechanisms have strict depth order selectivity and access to multiple depth cues that are jointly encoded, providing compelling psychophysical support for their role in figure-ground segmentation in natural visual environments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Figure-ground segmentation is a critical function that may be supported by “border ownership” neural systems that conditionally respond to object borders. We measured border ownership-dependent tilt aftereffects to figures defined by motion parallax or binocular disparity and found aftereffects for both cues. These effects were transferable between cues but selective for figure-ground depth order, suggesting that the neural systems supporting figure-ground segmentation have strict depth order selectivity and access to multiple depth cues that are jointly encoded.

Spatial Judgments with Monoscopic and Stereoscopic Presentation of Perspective Displays

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yei-Yu Yeh ◽  
Louis D. Silverstein
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Linear Perspective ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Relative Depth ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Stereoscopic View ◽  
Monocular Depth

Spatial judgments with monoscopic and stereoscopic presentation of perspective displays were investigated in the present study. The stimulus configuration emulated a visual scene consisting of a volume of airspace above a ground reference plane. Two target symbols were situated at various positions in the space, and observers were instructed to identify the relative depth or altitude of the two symbols. Three viewing orientations (15, 45, or 90 deg elevation angle) were implemented in the perspective projection. In the monoscopic view, depth cues in size, brightness, occlusion, and linear perspective were provided in the format. In the stereoscopic view, binocular disparity was added along the line of sight from the center of projection to reinforce the relative depth in the visual scene. Results revealed that spatial judgments were affected by manipulation of the relative spatial positions of the two target symbols and by the interaction between relative position and viewing orientation. The addition of binocular disparity improved judgments of three-dimensional spatial relationships, and the enhancement was greater when monocular depth cues were less effective and/or ambiguous in recovering the three-dimensional spatial characteristics.

P-35: Individual Differences in the Use of Binocular and Monocular Depth Cues in 3D-Graphic Environments

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1190-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Fujisaki ◽  
Haruto Yamashita ◽  
Ken Kihara ◽  
Sakuichi Ohtsuka
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Monocular Depth Cues ◽  
Monocular Depth

scholarly journals Mapping Degeneration of the Visual System in Long-term follow-up After Childhood Hemispherectomy – A Series of Four Cases

2021 ◽  
pp. 106808
Author(s):  
Luís Miguel Lacerda ◽  
Alki Liasis ◽  
Sian E Handley ◽  
Martin Tisdall ◽  
J Helen Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Glutamate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
pp. 287-296
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Javitt
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Impaired Metabolism

Glutamate theories of schizophrenia were first proposed over 30 years ago and since that time have become increasingly accepted. Theories are supported by the ability of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine to induce symptoms that closely resemble those of schizophrenia. Moreover, NMDAR antagonists uniquely reproduce the level of negative symptoms and cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia, suggesting that such models may be particularly appropriate to poor outcome forms of the disorder. As opposed to dopamine, which is most prominent within frontostriatal brain regions, glutamate neurons are present throughout cortex and subcortical structures. Thus, NMDAR theories predict widespread disturbances across cortical and thalamic pathways, including sensory brain regions. In auditory cortex, NMDAR play a critical role in the generation of mismatch negativity (MMN), which may therefore serve as a translational marker of NMDAR dysfunction across species. In the visual system, NMDAR play a critical role in function of the magnocellular visual system. Deficits in both auditory and visual processing contribute to social and communication deficits, which, in turn, lead to poor functional outcome. By contrast, NMDAR dysfunction within the frontohippocampal system may contribute to well described deficits in working memory, executive processing and long-term memory formation. Deficits in NMDAR function may be driven by disturbances in presynaptic glutamate release, impaired metabolism of NMDAR modulators such as glycine or D-serine, or intrinsic abnormalities in NMDAR themselves.

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