How is Depth Perception Affected by Long-Term Wearing of Left-Right Reversing Spectacles?

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ichikawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Egusa
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Directional Relation ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram ◽  
Binocular Depth

The plasticity of binocular depth perception was investigated. Six subjects wore left-right reversing spectacles continuously for 10 or 11 days. On looking through the spectacles, the relation between the direction of physical depth (convex or concave) and the direction of binocular disparity (crossed or uncrossed) was reversed, but other depth cues did not change. When subjects observed stereograms through a haploscope and were asked to judge the direction of perceived depth, the directional relation between perceived depth and disparity was reversed both in the two line-contoured stereograms and in the random-dot stereogram in the middle of the wearing period, but the normal relation often returned late in the wearing period. When subjects observed two objects while wearing the spectacles and were asked which appeared the nearer, veridical depth perception increased as the wearing-time passed. These results indicate that the visual transformation reversing the direction of binocular disparity causes changes both in binocular stereopsis and in processes integrating different depth cues.

Adaptation to the Reversal of Binocular Depth Cues: Effects of Wearing Left-Right Reversing Spectacles on Stereoscopic Depth Perception

Perception ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinsuke Shimojo ◽  
Yoshitaka Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Adaptive Change ◽  
Stereoscopic Depth ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Uncrossed Disparity ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Binocular Depth

The principle of stereopsis, that crossed disparity causes a convex perception and uncrossed disparity a concave one, has for a long time been considered to depend on a very rigid neural mechanism not affected by experience. Experiments are reported here which show that this relationship between disparity and perceived depth can be reversed by experience. An observer wore a pair of left-right reversing spectacles continuously for nine days. The spectacles also reversed the relation between the direction of perceived depth and the direction of binocular depth cues, ie disparity and vergence. For a period starting two days before wearing the spectacles and continuing until seventy-nine days after their removal the observer was examined with a haploscope and an electrooculograph. All the stereoscopic experiments were carried out without spectacles in order to examine some aftereffects of wearing spectacles. For the stereograms with linear contours not only the adaptive reversal of the relation between disparity and perceived depth, but also some abnormal depth perceptions and long-lasting aftereffects were found. For Julesz's random-dot stereograms, however, in which contours can be seen only after binocular combination, no adaptive change or reversal occurred. These results suggest that the process of stereopsis consists of two concurrent subprocesses.

Judgments of Azimuth and Elevation as a Function of Monoscopic and Binocular Depth Cues Using a Perspective Display

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woodrow Barfield ◽  
Craig Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stereoscopic Display ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Three Dimensional Display ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Binocular Depth

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of three-dimensional display formats for judgments of spatial information using an exocentric frame of reference. Eight subjects judged the azimuth and elevation that separated two computer-generated objects using either a perspective or stereoscopic display. Errors, which consisted of the difference in absolute value between the estimated and actual azimuth or elevation, were analyzed as the response variable. The data indicated that the stereoscopic display resulted in more accurate estimates of elevation, especially for images aligned approximately orthogonally to the viewing vector. However, estimates of relative azimuth direction were not improved by use of the stereoscopic display. Furthermore, it was shown that the effect of compression resulting from a 45--deg computer graphics eye point elevation produced a response bias that was symmetrical around the horizontal plane of the reference cube, and that the depth cue of binocular disparity provided by the stereoscopic display reduced the magnitude of the compression errors. Implications of the results for the design of spatial displays are discussed.

Modification of Depth and Distance Perception Caused by Long-Term Wearing of Left—Right Reversing Spectacles

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3342 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ichikawa ◽  
Takahiko Kimura ◽  
Hiroyuki Egusa ◽  
Makiko Nakatsuka ◽  
Jun Amano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Depth Order ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Monocular Depth

For 35 to 39 days, four observers wore continuously left–right reversing spectacles which pseudoscopically reverse the order of binocular disparity and direction of convergence. In three tests, we investigated how the visual system copes with the transformation of depth and distance information due to the reversing spectacles. In stereogram observation, after a few days of wearing the spectacles, the observers sometimes perceived a depth order which was opposite to the depth order that they had perceived in the pre-spectacle-wearing period. Monocular depth cues contributed more to depth perception in the spectacle-wearing period than they did in the pre-spectacle-wearing period. While the perceived distance significantly decreased during the spectacle-wearing period, we found no evidence of adaptive change in distance perception. The results indicate that the visual system adapts itself to the transformed situation by not only changing the processing of disparity but also by changing the relative efficiency of each cue in determining apparent depth.

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