scholarly journals Men's Facial Masculinity: When (Body) Size Matters

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p7673 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1191-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris J Holzleitner ◽  
David W Hunter ◽  
Bernard P Tiddeman ◽  
Alassane Seck ◽  
Daniel E Re ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Facial Masculinity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Average Face ◽  
Independent Effects

Recent studies suggest that judgments of facial masculinity reflect more than sexually dimorphic shape. Here, we investigated whether the perception of masculinity is influenced by facial cues to body height and weight. We used the average differences in three-dimensional face shape of forty men and forty women to compute a morphological masculinity score, and derived analogous measures for facial correlates of height and weight based on the average face shape of short and tall, and light and heavy men. We found that facial cues to body height and weight had substantial and independent effects on the perception of masculinity. Our findings suggest that men are perceived as more masculine if they appear taller and heavier, independent of how much their face shape differs from women's. We describe a simple method to quantify how body traits are reflected in the face and to define the physical basis of psychological attributions.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) perceive variation in male facial masculinity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Rosenfield ◽  
Stuart Semple ◽  
Alexander V. Georgiev ◽  
Dario Maestripieri ◽  
James P. Higham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Facial Masculinity ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractAmong many primate species, face shape is sexually dimorphic, and male facial masculinity has been proposed to influence female mate choice and male-male competition by signalling competitive ability. However, whether conspecifics pay attention to facial masculinity has only been assessed in humans. In a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, we used a two-alternative look-time experiment to test whether females perceive male facial masculinity. We presented 107 females with pairs of images of male faces – one with a more masculine shape and one more feminine – and recorded their looking behaviour. Females looked at the masculine face longer than at the feminine face in more trials than predicted by chance. Although there was no overall difference in average look-time between masculine and feminine faces across all trials, females looked significantly longer at masculine faces in a subset of trials for which the within-pair difference in masculinity was most pronounced. Additionally, the proportion of time subjects looked toward the masculine face increased as the within-pair difference in masculinity increased. This study provides evidence that female macaques perceive variation in male facial shape, a necessary condition for intersexual selection to operate on such a trait. It also highlights the potential impact of perceptual thresholds on look-time experiments.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) perceive variation in male facial masculinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 181415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Rosenfield ◽  
Stuart Semple ◽  
Alexander V. Georgiev ◽  
Dario Maestripieri ◽  
James P. Higham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Facial Masculinity ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Free Ranging

Among many primate species, face shape is sexually dimorphic, and male facial masculinity has been proposed to influence female mate choice and male–male competition by signalling competitive ability. However, whether conspecifics pay attention to facial masculinity has only been assessed in humans. In a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta , we used a two-alternative look-time experiment to test whether females perceive male facial masculinity. We presented 107 females with pairs of images of male faces—one with a more masculine shape and one more feminine—and recorded their looking behaviour. Females looked at the masculine face longer than at the feminine face in more trials than predicted by chance. Although there was no overall difference in average look-time between masculine and feminine faces across all trials, females looked significantly longer at masculine faces in a subset of trials for which the within-pair difference in masculinity was most pronounced. Additionally, the proportion of time subjects looked toward the masculine face increased as the within-pair difference in masculinity increased. This study provides evidence that female macaques perceive variation in male facial shape, a necessary condition for intersexual selection to operate on such a trait. It also highlights the potential impact of perceptual thresholds on look-time experiments.

scholarly journals Integrating Gaze Direction and Sexual Dimorphism of Face Shape When Perceiving the Dominance of Others

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6347 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1275-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie C Main ◽  
Benedict C Jones ◽  
Lisa M DeBruine ◽  
Anthony C Little
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Averted Gaze ◽  
Gaze Cues

Although gaze direction and face shape have each been shown to affect perceptions of the dominance of others, the question whether gaze direction and face shape have independent main effects on perceptions of dominance, and whether these effects interact, has not yet been studied. To investigate this issue, we compared dominance ratings of faces with masculinised shapes and direct gaze, masculinised shapes and averted gaze, feminised shapes and direct gaze, and feminised shapes and averted gaze. While faces with direct gaze were generally rated as more dominant than those with averted gaze, this effect of gaze direction was greater when judging faces with masculinised shapes than when judging faces with feminised shapes. Additionally, faces with masculinised shapes were rated as more dominant than those with feminised shapes when faces were presented with direct gaze, but not when faces were presented with averted gaze. Collectively, these findings reveal an interaction between the effects of gaze direction and sexually dimorphic facial cues on judgments of the dominance of others, presenting novel evidence for the existence of complex integrative processes that underpin social perception of faces. Integrating information from face shape and gaze cues may increase the efficiency with which we perceive the dominance of others.

scholarly journals Facial masculinity is only weakly correlated with handgrip strength in young adult women

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda C Hahn ◽  
Iris J Holzleitner ◽  
Anthony J Lee ◽  
Michal Kandrik ◽  
Kieran J O’Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Vector Analysis ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Facial Masculinity ◽  
The Face

AbstractObjectivesAncestrally, strength is likely to have played a critical role in determining the ability to obtain and retain resources and the allocation of social status among humans. Responses to facial cues of strength are therefore thought to play an important role in human social interaction. Although many researchers have proposed that sexually dimorphic facial morphology is reliably correlated with physical strength, evidence for this hypothesis is somewhat mixed. Moreover, to date, only one study has investigated the putative relationship between facial masculinity and physical strength in women. Consequently, we tested for correlations between handgrip strength and objective measures of face-shape masculinity.Methods531 women took part in the study. We measured each participant’s handgrip strength (dominant hand). Sexual dimorphism of face shape was objectively measured from each face photograph using two methods: discriminant analysis and vector analysis. These methods use shape components derived from principal component analyses of facial landmarks to measure the probability of the face being classified as male (discriminant analysis method) or to locate the face on a female-male continuum (vector analysis method).ResultsOur analyses revealed that handgrip strength is, at best, only weakly correlated with facial masculinity in women. There was a weak significant association between handgrip strength and one measure of women’s facial masculinity. The relationship between handgrip strength and our other measure of women’s facial masculinity was not significant.DiscussionTogether, these results do not support the hypothesis that face-shape masculinity is an important cue of physical strength, at least in women.

scholarly journals Development of Monitoring System for Facial Shape and Skin Color Using Depth Camera mounted on a Smartphone

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (28) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Ikumi Nomura ◽  
Reimei Koike ◽  
Naoaki Rikihisa ◽  
Nobuyuki Mitsukawa ◽  
Norimichi Tsumura
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aesthetic Surgery ◽  
Depth Camera ◽  
Depth Sensor ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Illumination Direction ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face

Regular observation and recording of the changes in body appearance are essential for the process of the treatment of plastic surgery and dermatology, especially aesthetic surgery. Usually, physicians treat patients with medical interviews, pictures of the patient's faces before and after their treatment, anatomical data that including size, location, and color of the affected skin. However, it is difficult to capture the affected area under the same conditions every time because the captured range varies depending on the imaging angle and distance. There is a need to record three-dimensional shape of face parts such as cheek, nose, eye, and chin. Therefore, in this study, the face shape and the skin color were measured using the infrared depth camera and the RGB camera built in the smartphone three-dimensionally. We measured before and after modulating the shape and color of the face, and then, the change in volume and the change in skin pigment of skin color was calculated and visualized. This method makes it possible to analyze the skin shape and color independently of the viewing angle and the illumination direction. In this study, the depth sensor built in the smartphone showed the potential to monitor changes in facial shape and skin color. In the future, it is expected to contribute to the development of telemedicine, in which the patient measures their face at home and gets medical treatment consultation remotely.

scholarly journals A study on the solid image projection mapping system in the curved display of the face shape for the performance art

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.3) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Eun Seo Song ◽  
Gil Sang Yoo ◽  
Sung Dae Hong
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Actual Object ◽  
Projection Mapping ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Mapping ◽  
Mapping Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
Multi Phase

Background/Objectives: Aims to study the projection mapping technology which will project the multi-phase solid image in the curved display real time in the performance.Methods/Statistical analysis: Analyze the shape of the object to be mapped for the project and based on the analyzed characteristics, the structure of the installation of the applicable project to the actual object and the projection mapping production tool shall be developed and be applied to the elastic shape.Findings: According to the analysis result of the curved display, one projector did not suit the image and the distortion of the image occurred. According, it was divided into the four sections and projection mapping was made to minimize the problems, and the projection production tool which applied the geometric matching technology, edge blending technology, UDP telecommunication method etc based on the grid for the image matching using the Max/Msp was developed and the actual face shaped curved display was applied.Improvements/Applications: In order to conduct projection map precisely to the actuator moving real time, Z-depth should be considered and the advanced technology which matches the three dimensional mapping image should be applied.  

scholarly journals Craniofacial Reconstruction via Face Elevation Map Estimation Based on the Deep Convolution Neutral Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yining Hu ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Yueli Pan ◽  
Lizhe Xie ◽  
Zheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Craniofacial Reconstruction ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Surface Data ◽  
The Face

In this study, to achieve the possibility of predicting face by skull automatically, we propose a craniofacial reconstruction method based on the end-to-end deep convolutional neural network. Three-dimensional volume data are obtained from 1447 head CT scans of Chinese people of different ages. The facial and skull surface data are projected onto two-dimensional space to generate a two-dimensional elevation map, and then, use the deep convolution neural network to realize the prediction of skull to face shape in two-dimensional space. The encoder and decoder are composed of first feature extraction through the encoder and then as the input of the decoder to generate the craniofacial restoration image. In order to accurately describe the features of different scales, we adopt an U-shaped codec structure with cross-layer connections. Therefore, the output features are decomposed with the features of the corresponding scales in the encoding stage to achieve the integration of different scales while restoring the feature scales in the compression and decoding stage. Meanwhile, the U-net structures help to avoid the problem of loss of detail features in the downsampling process. We use supervised learning to obtain the prediction model from skull to facial elevation map. Back-projection operation is performed afterwards to generate facial surface data in 3D space. Experiments show that the proposed method in this study can effectively achieve craniofacial reconstruction, and for most part of the face, restoration error is controlled within 2 mm.

Wake Flow of Single and Multiple Yawed Cylinders

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thakur ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
J. S. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Computational Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cylinder Wake ◽  
Dimensional Approximation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Drag And Lift

An experimental and computational study is performed of the wake flow behind a single yawed cylinder and a pair of parallel yawed cylinders placed in tandem. The experiments are performed for a yawed cylinder and a pair of yawed cylinders towed in a tank. Laser-induced fluorescence is used for flow visualization and particle-image velocimetry is used for quantitative velocity and vorticity measurement. Computations are performed using a second-order accurate block-structured finite-volume method with periodic boundary conditions along the cylinder axis. Results are applied to assess the applicability of a quasi-two-dimensional approximation, which assumes that the flow field is the same for any slice of the flow over the cylinder cross section. For a single cylinder, it is found that the cylinder wake vortices approach a quasi-two-dimensional state away from the cylinder upstream end for all cases examined (in which the cylinder yaw angle covers the range 0⩽ϕ⩽60°). Within the upstream region, the vortex orientation is found to be influenced by the tank side-wall boundary condition relative to the cylinder. For the case of two parallel yawed cylinders, vortices shed from the upstream cylinder are found to remain nearly quasi-two-dimensional as they are advected back and reach within about a cylinder diameter from the face of the downstream cylinder. As the vortices advect closer to the cylinder, the vortex cores become highly deformed and wrap around the downstream cylinder face. Three-dimensional perturbations of the upstream vortices are amplified as the vortices impact upon the downstream cylinder, such that during the final stages of vortex impact the quasi-two-dimensional nature of the flow breaks down and the vorticity field for the impacting vortices acquire significant three-dimensional perturbations. Quasi-two-dimensional and fully three-dimensional computational results are compared to assess the accuracy of the quasi-two-dimensional approximation in prediction of drag and lift coefficients of the cylinders.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Eutectic Ga-In Nanowire Arrays Based on Plateau–Rayleigh Instability

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4616
Author(s):  
Takashi Ikuno ◽  
Zen Somei
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Nanowire Arrays ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Rayleigh Instability ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Flat Substrate ◽  
Metal Nanowire

We have developed a simple method of fabricating liquid metal nanowire (NW) arrays of eutectic GaIn (EGaIn). When an EGaIn droplet anchored on a flat substrate is pulled perpendicular to the substrate surface at room temperature, an hourglass shaped EGaIn is formed. At the neck of the shape, based on the Plateau–Rayleigh instability, the EGaIn bridge with periodically varying thicknesses is formed. Finally, the bridge is broken down by additional pulling. Then, EGaIn NW is formed at the surface of the breakpoint. In addition, EGaIn NW arrays are found to be fabricated by pulling multiple EGaIn droplets on a substrate simultaneously. The average diameter of the obtained NW was approximately 0.6 μm and the length of the NW depended on the amount of droplet anchored on the substrate. The EGaIn NWs fabricated in this study may be used for three-dimensional wiring for integrated circuits, the tips of scanning probe microscopes, and field electron emission arrays.

scholarly journals Two-Dimensional Visualization of the Three-Dimensional Planned Sacroiliac Screw Corridor with the Slice Fusion Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Maximilian Kerschbaum ◽  
Siegmund Lang ◽  
Florian Baumann ◽  
Volker Alt ◽  
Michael Worlicek
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Ring ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fusion Method ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Posterior Pelvic Ring ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Sacroiliac Screw ◽  
Screw Insertion ◽  
Multiplanar Reconstructions ◽  
Screw Position

Insertion of sacro-iliac (SI) screws for stabilization of the posterior pelvic ring without intraoperative navigation or three-dimensional imaging can be challenging. The aim of this study was to develop a simple method to visualize the ideal SI screw corridor, on lateral two-dimensional images, corresponding to the lateral fluoroscopic view, used intraoperatively while screw insertion, to prevent neurovascular injury. We used multiplanar reconstructions of pre- and postoperative computed tomography scans (CT) to determine the position of the SI corridor. Then, we processed the dataset into a lateral two-dimensional slice fusion image (SFI) matching head and tip of the screw. Comparison of the preoperative SFI planning and the screw position in the postoperative SFI showed reproducible results. In conclusion, the slice fusion method is a simple technique for translation of three-dimensional planned SI screw positioning into a two-dimensional strict lateral fluoroscopic-like view.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document