Relationship Between Thermoinduction and Photoinduction of Flowering and Dormancy in Hordeum bulbosum L., a Perennial Grass

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ofir ◽  
D Koller
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Hordeum Bulbosum ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Full Expression ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Induction of axillary bud dormancy (as manifested by initiation of the bulb which is associated with the dormant buds) and of reproductive development in H. bulbosum are closely linked processes. Both are potentiated by thermoinduction (vernalization of the seed) and express themselves as a result of subsequent photoinduction in long (16-h) photoperiods. Partial photoinduction of vernalized plants, which sufficed for bulb initiation, was insufficient for full expression of flowering: the reproductive development of the shoot apex was arrested and reverted to vegetative development. This was terminated by formation of a second bulb and a normal inflorescence, both typical of non- induced plants. Intercalation of as many as 30 short (8-h) photoperiods after the end of thermoinduction did not diminish the developmental response of the shoot apex to subsequent photo- induction. On the contrary, intercalation of short photoperiods after vernalization increased the effectiveness of subsequent photoinduction, with respect to the bulb-forming response and to the reproductive development of the shoot apex. Both photoperiodic regimes in this sequence were effective in promoting bulb initiation, However, effectiveness of short photoperiods was much smaller than that of long photoperiods and was progressively decreasing as their number increased. The position of the bulb internode showed remarkable parallelism with the number of leaves which had emerged by the start of photoinduction, but the intensity of photoinduction had no effect. No parallelism was found with the total number of leaves produced by the apex (i.e. including leaf primordia). The significance of these results is discussed.

Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. I. Vegetative development in Vitis riparia

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Gerrath ◽  
Usher Posluszny
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Vitis Riparia ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Very High

The vegetative development of natural populations of Vitis riparia is reported in detail for the first time, using a combination of three-dimensional and histological techniques. The initiation of both uncommitted primordia (which can develop into either inflorescences or tendrils) and leaf primordia is documented and correlated with their position in the primordium initiation cycle. There are four possible states: (i) a leaf at a lower tendril node, which arises on the flank of a dome-shaped apex directly above a leaf; (ii) a leaf at either an upper tendril node or a tendrilless node, which arises on the flank of a broad apex directly above a tendril; (iii) a lower uncommitted primordium, which arises very high on the apical flank, separated from the subjacent leaf by the initiation of one primordium on the opposite side of the apex; and (iv) an upper uncommitted primordium, which arises on the apical flank, separated from the subjacent leaf by the initiation of two primordia on the opposite side of the apex. This study shows that there is evidence to support the view that the uncommitted primordium is both terminal and lateral. We have extended the reports of the presence of tendril hydathodes in Vitis to this species. Axillary bud initiation and development are the same as has been reported for other species of Vitis, with each winter bud being initiated in the axil of the basal prophyll of the previous one.

HASTY: a gene that regulates the timing of shoot maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (10) ◽  
pp. 1889-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Telfer ◽  
R.S. Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Gibberellin Production ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
Inappropriate Expression

In Arabidopsis thaliana, leaves produced at different stages of shoot development can be distinguished by the distribution of trichomes on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces. Leaves produced early in the development of the rosette (juvenile leaves) have trichomes on their adaxial, but not their abaxial surface, whereas leaves produced later in rosette development (adult leaves) have trichomes on both surfaces. In order to identify genes that regulate the transition between these developmental phases we screened for mutations that accelerate the production of leaves with abaxial trichomes. 9 alleles of the HASTY gene were recovered in this screen. In addition to accelerating the appearance of adult leaves these mutations also accelerate the loss of adaxial trichomes (a trait typical of bracts), reduce the total number of leaves produced by the shoot, and have a number of other effects on shoot morphology. The basis for this phenotype was examined by testing the interaction between hasty and genes that affect flowering time (35S::LEAFY, 35S::APETALA1, terminal flower1), gibberellin production (ga1-3) or perception (gai), and floral morphogenesis (leafy, apetala1, agamous). We found that hasty increased the reproductive competence of the shoot, and that its does not require gibberellin or a gibberellin response for its effect on vegetative or reproductive development. The phenotype of hasty is not suppressed by leafy, apetala1 and agamous, demonstrating that this phenotype does not result from the inappropriate expression of these genes. We suggest that HASTY promotes a juvenile pattern of vegetative development and inhibits flowering by reducing the competence of the shoot to respond to LEAFY and APETALA1.

scholarly journals BRANCHED1 Promotes Axillary Bud Dormancy in Response to Shade in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 834-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo González-Grandío ◽  
César Poza-Carrión ◽  
Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano ◽  
Pilar Cubas
Keyword(s):  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Axillary Bud

scholarly journals Investigations on the bud dormancy of Populus × berolinensis Dipp. I. Annual cycle of the shoot apex

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-389
Author(s):  
L. Witkowska-Żuk
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Bud Dormancy

Calibration of LgrassFlo, a new model of perennial grass phenology in response to temperature and photoperiod.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Rouet ◽  
Jean-Louis Durand ◽  
Didier Combes ◽  
Abraham Escobar-Gutierrez ◽  
Romain Barillot
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Floral Transition ◽  
New Model ◽  
Primary Induction

<p>In perennial grasses, the reproductive development encompasses several phenological events, such as apex induction, floral transition, heading and flowering, that deeply affect biomass production, forage quality and plant perenniality. Despite the importance of perennial grasses in agricultural systems and natural ecosystems, we still lack accurate models predicting the reproductive development and its consequences on plant growth and grassland management. Most of available models implements a fixed scheduling of the reproductive development expressed either in thermal time or in calendar time. The progressive completion of floral induction and the effects of environmental factors are generally poorly described. In addition, the vegetative and reproductive developments are represented as independent and successive phases. In the present work, we introduce the new model LgrassFlo, which simulates the reproductive development of perennial grasses in interaction with plant vegetative development and considering the effects of environmental conditions on floral induction.</p><p>LgrassFlo simulates the canopy as the dynamics of a collection of individual plants, each being composed of one or more tillers. The 3D description of leaf growth and tillering is based on a functional-structural plant model of perennial ryegrass (Lgrass). We developed a new model of floral induction describing the progression of the primary and secondary induction of each apex of the plant according to (i) the daily temperature, (ii) photoperiod and (iii) plant architecture. This model was coupled to Lgrass, the model ensemble being called LgrassFlo. During apex induction, LgrassFlo accounts for an increase in the rates of leaf primordia initiation and leaf elongation. After floral transition, we assume that the apex only initiates spikelet primordia and that internodes start to elongate. LgrassFlo simulates the date of floral transition, the final number of leaves and the heading date based on a 3D representation of plant architecture.</p><p>A specific experiment was carried out in order to calibrate LgrassFlo on data describing the vegetative and reproductive development of three <em>Lolium perenne</em> cultivars contrasted for their precocity and exposed to four inductive conditions in growth chambers. The first three conditions consisted in a period allowing for primary induction (low temperature – short day) followed by a period allowing for secondary induction (high temperature – long day), the two periods being spaced by a non-inductive period (high temperature - short day) of 0, 3 or 6 weeks. In the fourth condition, plants were not exposed to conditions allowing for the primary induction. A set of vegetative and reproductive parameters were estimated for each individual plant of the experiment. The parameter values were independent of the experimental treatment but showed a large genetic diversity both between and within varieties. Using this calibration, LgrassFlo satisfactorily predicted the observed diversity in final leaf number and heading date.</p><p>The present model is a step forward towards a better prediction of perennial grass phenology in actual and future climatic conditions. In this respect, the model is being currently used to simulate the observed genetic diversity in the heading date of several Lolium perenne cultivars grown in contrasted temperate climates over the last 15 years.</p>

scholarly journals Resolving the role of strigolactone in the early steps of rice axillary bud dormancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003-1005
Author(s):  
Alisdair R. Fernie
Keyword(s):  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Axillary Bud

The Morphogenesis of Regeneration Buds in Hordeum bulbosum L.—A Perennial Grass

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OFIR
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Hordeum Bulbosum

Response of soya beans to planting date in south-eastern Queensland. II.* Vegetative and reproductive development

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Seed Yields

Vegetative and reproductive development of a range of soya bean cultivars was studied over a series of planting dates in both hill plots and row culture at Redland Bay, Qld. Responses in the extent of vegetative and reproductive development were related to changes in the phasic developmental patterns. The duration and extent of vegetative development for the various cultivar-planting date combinations were closely associated with the length of the period from planting to the cessation of flowering. Thus, vegetative growth was greatest for those planting dates which resulted in a delay in flowering and/or extended the flowering phase. Similarly, genetic lateness of maturity among cultivars was associated with more extensive vegetative development. Seed yield per unit area increased within each cultivar as the length of the growing period was extended until sufficient vegetative growth occurred to allow the formation of closed canopies under the particular agronomic conditions imposed. Further increases in the length of the period of vegetative growth failed to increase seed yield, and in some cases seed yields were actually reduced. Biological efficiency of seed production (BE) was negatively correlated with the length of the vegetative growth period. Differences in BE among cultivar-planting date combinations were large. It is suggested that maximization of seed yield will necessitate an optimum compromise between the degree of vegetative development and BE. Optimum plant arrangement will therefore vary, depending on the particular cultivar-planting date combination. ___________________ \*Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 67 (1973).

The shoot apex and the ontogeny of axillary buds in Cuminum cyminum L

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Shah ◽  
K Unnikrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Apical Position ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Axillant Leaf ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Vegetative Shoot Apex ◽  
The One

The structure and plastochronic changes of the shoot apex, and the origin, development, procambialization, and vascular relationships of the axillary bud in Cuminum cyminium were investigated. Pre-leaf initiation, leaf initiation, and post-leaf initiation phases of the shoot apex are identified. The inflorescence is axillary. During flowering the main vegetative shoot apex is semispherical, stratified, and devoid of any distinction between the central and peripheral zones. The vegetative axillary bud is differentiated from the peripheral zone of the shoot apex at the second node. It is delimited by an arcuate shell zone which helps in changing the apical position of the bud to foliar. The emergence of the bud is effected by the meristematic activity of tunica and corpus cells. A single prophyll is formed at right angles to the axillant leaf. Usually the bud trace procambium is differentiated during prophyll initiation. Occasionally it may be seen earlier, but not in connection with the earliest visible bud meristem. There are four to six strands of the bud trace directly interconnecting not only the strands of the prophyll and axillant leaf traces but also those of the second or sometimes even the third bud leaf and the axillant leaf. The bud trace procambial connection is formed by basipetal and acropetal differentiation of procambium in which the bud meristem cells and vacuolated ground meristem cells below the bud are involved. The cells of the peripheral zone of the bud apex below the prophyll primordium procambialize in a basipetal direction. As a continuation from the strand of the axillant leaf trace, the adjacent vacuolated ground meristem cells below the bud acropetally differentiate into procambial cells in the direction of the basipetal procambium and they make connection with it. All the strands of the bud trace are not simultaneously developed. The vegetative and inflorescence buds show varying vascular relationships between the strands of the leaf traces and those of the bud traces. The node differentiated during the vegetative phase of the plant is trilacunar and the one formed at flowering time is tetra- or pentalacunar. The nature and number of bud trace strands, however, suggest fundamental similarities between vegetative and inflorescence buds.

Axillary bud formation in chrysanthemum as affected by the number of leaves

1997 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrieke A. De Ruiter
Keyword(s):  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Number Of Leaves
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