A survey approach to evaluating the effects of management on semi-arid lands in New South Wales.

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
BH Downing ◽  
JC Evans
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Woody Growth ◽  
Survey Approach ◽  
Better Than

One hundred and ten paddocks were surveyed to give an overview of the effects of management burning, grazing by cattle, goats and sheep, and protection from livestock, on major vegetation types in the rangelands. A commercial paddock scale was used to complement information previously available on dietary preferences of livestock from a few, small research sites. In this dry period study, estimates of woody and herbaceous cover were not significantly different overall among paddocks subjected to the various kinds of management. However, herbaceous cover in protected or spelled paddocks was better than in the others. Also, no significant relationships were found between woody cover and herbaceous biomass in any treatment. Despite moderate sample sizes, high coefficients of variation occurred throughout the results. These were regarded as being a true reflection of the variability between paddocks in the rangeland. Underlying differences between management types may have been masked by the heterogeneity of the paddocks within each type due to a complex history of rainfall, burning and grazing. Cluster analysis of the 110 paddocks revealed floristic (woody spp.) similarities of mulga, poplar-box, pine and some belah-rosewood woodlands, whereas saltbush and mallee were distinct. Further comparisons of management types were made on mulga woodland alone. Domestic goats were kept in the most heavily wooded paddocks and, in contrast with sheep, checked the growth of woody plants < 2m high. Woody growth recovered in the < 2m stratum several years after burning. Further evaluation of the herbaceous layer and of woody/herbaceous relationships is recommended after a wet summer.

scholarly journals Latent profiles of early developmental vulnerabilities in a New South Wales child population at age 5 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J Green ◽  
Stacy Tzoumakis ◽  
Kristin R Laurens ◽  
Kimberlie Dean ◽  
Maina Kariuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
New South ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Parental History ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of

Objective: Detecting the early emergence of childhood risk for adult mental disorders may lead to interventions for reducing subsequent burden of these disorders. We set out to determine classes of children who may be at risk for later mental disorder on the basis of early patterns of development in a population cohort, and associated exposures gleaned from linked administrative records obtained within the New South Wales Child Development Study. Methods: Intergenerational records from government departments of health, education, justice and child protection were linked with the Australian Early Development Census for a state population cohort of 67,353 children approximately 5 years of age. We used binary data from 16 subdomains of the Australian Early Development Census to determine classes of children with shared patterns of Australian Early Development Census–defined vulnerability using latent class analysis. Covariates, which included demographic features (sex, socioeconomic status) and exposure to child maltreatment, parental mental illness, parental criminal offending and perinatal adversities (i.e. birth complications, smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight), were examined hierarchically within latent class analysis models. Results: Four classes were identified, reflecting putative risk states for mental disorders: (1) disrespectful and aggressive/hyperactive behaviour, labelled ‘misconduct risk’ ( N = 4368; 6.5%); (2) ‘pervasive risk’ ( N = 2668; 4.0%); (3) ‘mild generalised risk’ ( N = 7822; 11.6%); and (4) ‘no risk’ ( N = 52,495; 77.9%). The odds of membership in putative risk groups (relative to the no risk group) were greater among children from backgrounds of child maltreatment, parental history of mental illness, parental history of criminal offending, socioeconomic disadvantage and perinatal adversities, with distinguishable patterns of association for some covariates. Conclusion: Patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerabilities may provide useful indicators for particular mental disorder outcomes in later life, although their predictive utility in this respect remains to be established in longitudinal follow-up of the cohort.

Goat and Sheep Grazing in Shrub-Infested Semi-arid Woodlands of New South Wales.

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
BH Downing
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
New South ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Local Observation ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Western Division

Examination of data on dietary preferences of sheep, goats and cattle suggests that different grazing systems are desirable for each of the three major woodland types (belah-rosewood, mulga, poplar box) examined. Competition for herbs, frequently palatable to all animal species, indicates that goats and sheep are unsuitable for joint use either in heavily wooded country or where annual herbaceous production is less than 200 kg-ha. Supplementary feeding, fire and judicious stocking are proposed as a strategy for inducing goats to eat a proportion of unpalatable shrubs. The literature provides little helpful information on how rangelands in the Western Division should be managed. No reports are given on comparisons of grazing systems, such as rotational grazing, rotational resting, and continuous grazing. No guidance is given on grazing after burning of the rangeland. Recommendations are generally against the use of goats for control of woody plants, whereas local observation shows this to be an apparently effective practice. The recommendations are mostly based on experimental procedures which, although suitable for detecting animal dietary preferences in the short term, are less appropriate for investigation of the effects of grazing on range condition in the long term. Some suggestions are made towards a different approach for: investigating the effects of grazing by sheep and goats on rangeland condition, and the economic implications of this in terms of animal production.

Accountability, asbestos and indigenous rights: The case of Baryulgil

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee C. Moerman ◽  
Sandra L. van der Laan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
New South ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Corporate Accountability ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Corporate Entity ◽  
History Of

This paper documents the history of paternalistic state policies and the effects of asbestos mining on the Indigenous community at Baryulgil in northern New South Wales. Despite the lack of profitability, the asbestos operations continued for over 30 years leaving a legacy of asbestos-related health and environmental issues. The shift of responsibility for Indigenous welfare from the State to a corporate entity is evidenced in this historical study using the lens of historical institutionalism. The Baryulgil case is instructive in a number of ways: it demonstrates the subtlety with which human rights abuses can occur in an environment where paternalistic attitudes towards Indigenous peoples prevail; it demonstrates the clash between pursuit of corporate objectives and human rights; and finally it demonstrates the lack of corporate accountability in the asbestos industry.

Use of products of straw decomposition by N2-fixing (C2H2-reducing) populations of bacteria in three soils from wheat-growing areas

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Roper ◽  
DM Halsall
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
New South ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of ◽  
Straw Incorporation ◽  
The Difference

The potential for N2 fixation by free-living bacteria using straw as a source of energy was evaluated in three soils (one from Gunnedah and two from Cowra) representative of the wheat belt in New South Wales. All three soils had a history of straw incorporation. The abilities of the respective microbial populations to use a range of carbon sources, including potential products of decomposition of straw, was determined and compared with the size and composition of each population. Neutral to alkaline (pH 7.4) soil of high (51%) clay content from Gunnedah produced higher rates of nitrogenase activity with straw than more acid (pH 5.6) lower (17%) clay containing soil from Cowra (site B). Gunnedah soil also contained a larger population of N2-fixing bacteria which used a broader range of energy sources than soil from either Cowra site B or Cowra site W (pH 5.8, clay content 34%). There was little difference in the composition of the N2-fixing populations in each of the soils except that Azotobacter spp. were absent from the acid Cowra soils. It was concluded that the difference in behaviour of the respective N2-fixing populations was primarily due to the physical characteristics of the soil affecting the numbers and activities of diazotrophic microorganisms. In addition some soil environments failed to support specific organisms.

Overwintering of Tranzchelia discolor in prune orchards in New South Wales

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Ellison ◽  
L McFadyen ◽  
PF Kable
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
South Wales ◽  
One Year ◽  
Tranzschelia Discolor ◽  
Better Than

There are several ways in which Tranzschelia discolor may overwinter in prune orchards in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas of New South Wales. The aecial state, cross-infection from peach and almond, twig cankers, and urediniospores on living leaves persisting through winter were considered, but were thought to be unlikely. The ability of urediniospores to survive on infected leaf litter, either on the ground under trees or lodged within the framework of trees, was studied over two winters. Urediniospore viability declined with time, but in both seasons a proportion were capable of germination in the spring. Spores exposed within the tree framework survived better than those exposed on the ground, with about 20% and less than 5% respectively remaining viable by spring. In both winters spores from litter which overwintered within the framework of the tree were able to infect prune leaves in the spring. The infectivity of spores exposed on the ground was tested in the spring of one year and infections resulted on inoculated plants. The implications of these findings for the control of the rust in prunes are discussed.

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