Spectroscopic behaviour of 14C-labeled humic acids in a long-term field experiment with three cropping systems

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tatzber ◽  
Michael Stemmer ◽  
Heide Spiegel ◽  
Christian Katzlberger ◽  
Franz Zehetner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Bare Fallow ◽  
Term Field

The stabilisation of 14C-labelled farmyard manure was investigated under different cropping systems (crop rotation, monoculture, and bare fallow) in a long-term field experiment established in 1967. Solid-state 13C-NMR of bulk soils yielded a gradient of increasing aromatic properties in the order: straw manure–crop rotation < straw manure–monoculture < straw and farmyard manure–bare fallow. The opposite trend was observed for O-alkyl groups. The farmyard manure–bare fallow treatment was used to investigate changes of humic acids (HAs) with time. The FT-IR bands of aromatics, carbonyl groups, and a band of methyls and benzene rings increased over the 36 years of the experiment, whereas 2 amide bands and a band of sulfone and/or ester groups decreased. Fluorescence spectroscopy verified the increase in aromatic properties with age. Consequently, during soil organic matter stabilisation, HAs showed increasing properties of carbonyl and aromatic groups, whereas amidic groups decreased. The dynamic character of HAs, as shown by 14C, was also reflected by distinct spectroscopic changes over the period of investigation.

Influence of organic manures on carrot (Daucus carota L.) crops grown in a long-term field experiment in Sweden

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Kjellenberg ◽  
Eva Johansson ◽  
Karl-Erik Gustavsson ◽  
Artur Granstedt ◽  
Marie E. Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Fresh Manure ◽  
Term Field

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of organic agriculture manuring systems on carrot (Daucus carota) root morphology and sugar and polyacetylene content. Carrots were harvested three times per season 2006–2007 in a long-term field experiment at Skilleby research farm, Sweden. The effects of pelleted chicken manure, fresh farmyard manure and composted farmyard manure (COM) were compared against control plots left unmanured since the field experiment started in 1991. The carrots were analyzed for root size, root shape, amount of soluble sugars and amount of falcarinol-type polyacetylenes. Differences between manuring systems were found to be smaller than the variation between harvest years and harvest occasions, probably due to the grass-clover ley included in the crop rotation system. On an average for the six harvests, manuring with COM increased root length by 6% compared with fertilizing with pelleted chicken manure. Carrots fertilized with pelleted chicken manure also had 6–7% lower total soluble sugar content than carrots manured with 50 t ha−1 of composted or fresh manure. The falcarinol to total falcarinol-type polyacetylenes ratio was 15.4% in carrots manured with 50 t ha−1 of composted or fresh manure and 14.7% in carrots fertilized with pelleted chicken manure. Seasonal fluctuations in falcarinol-type polyacetylenes were more pronounced in carrots manured with fresh or composted manure than in carrots fertilized with pelleted chicken manure. The results suggest that manuring organic carrots with compost may be the most beneficial strategy, at least in systems where fertilizer is applied only once per crop rotation, whether directly to the carrot crop or in the preceding crop.

scholarly journals The influence of fertilisation and crop rotation on soil microbial characteristics in the long-term field experiment

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mikanová ◽  
M. Friedlová ◽  
T. Šimon
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
Rotation Field ◽  
Term Field

Soils were sampled from the plots with four variants of fertilisation: Nil – without fertilisation, NPK – mineral fertilisation, FYM – farmyard manure, FYM + NPK – farmyard manure with mineral fertilisation, and two variants of crop rotation: field IV – classical 9-year crop rotation, field B – 2-year rotation of alternative growing. Determination of urease, CFU of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and potential nitrogenase activity was conducted during the period 1999–2004. The urease activity was positively affected by manure fertilisation (FYM) and by the combination of FYM + NPK. The statistically significantly highest counts of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and the highest nitrogenase activity were determined on field B in variants FYM and FYM + NPK. The results show that there was a higher amount of accessible nitrogen present on field IV than on field B. This might explain the lower counts of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and therefore the lower nitrogenase activity. According to our results, activity of urease, CFU of <I>Azotobacter</I> spp. and potential nitrogenase activity are very closely connected with N inputs.

Decomposition of Carbon-14-Labeled Organic Amendments and Humic Acids in a Long-Term Field Experiment

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tatzber ◽  
Michael Stemmer ◽  
Heide Spiegel ◽  
Christian Katzlberger ◽  
Franz Zehetner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Term Field

KMnO4 determination of active carbon for laboratory routines: three long-term field experiments in Austria

Soil Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tatzber ◽  
N. Schlatter ◽  
A. Baumgarten ◽  
G. Dersch ◽  
R. Körner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Term Field

Recent studies show that a labile soil carbon (C) fraction determined with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) reflects the type of soil management. The present study combines the method for determining the active C (AC) pool with an alternative titration of the 0.02 m KMnO4 solution with sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) for routine laboratory analyses. Three long-term field experiments investigated: (i) different cropping systems and 14C-labelled organic amendments, (ii) three different tillage systems, and (iii) the application of four different kinds of compost. The results showed the depletion of AC in the permanent bare-fallow system of the 14C-labelled field experiment. When calculating the ratio AC/total organic C (TOC), the depletion of the AC/TOC curve reflected a priming effect, in accord with previous work. We obtained significant positive correlations of AC with TOC, total nitrogen (Nt), humic acid-C and remaining 14C-labelled material. The AC in the tillage systems experiment was significantly (P < 0.05) different between all three tillage treatments at 0–10 cm depth, and the ratio AC/TOC also revealed a significant difference between minimum and conventional tillage treatments at 10–20 cm. For the compost field experiment, significant differences occurred between plots fertilised solely with N and plots receiving organic amendments. The AC/TOC ratio of the sewage sludge amendment was significantly lower than in all other systems. Correlations of AC with TOC for all samples of the different long-term field experiments revealed different behaviours in different soil types. The correlations of AC with Nt showed higher coefficients than with TOC. The applied methodology has a potential for sensitive and reliable detections of differences in soil organic matter characteristics.

scholarly journals 14C-labeled organic amendments: Characterization in different particle size fractions and humic acids in a long-term field experiment

Geoderma ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 177-178 ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tatzber ◽  
Michael Stemmer ◽  
Heide Spiegel ◽  
Christian Katzlberger ◽  
Claudia Landstetter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Term Field

scholarly journals Soil Fertility Management in Westsik’s Crop Rotation Experiment

2001 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
János Lazányi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Soil Fertility Management

The crop rotation experiment, established by Vilmos Westsik in 1929, is the best known and most remarkable example of continuous production in Hungary. It is still used to study the effects of organic manure treatment, develop models and predict the likely effects of different cropping systems on soil properties and crop yields. Westsik’s crop rotation experiment provides data of immediate value to farmers concerning the applications of fertilisers, green, straw and farmyard manure. The experiment also provides a resource of yield, plant and soil data sets for scientific research into the soil and plant processes which control soil fertility, and into the sustainability of production without environmental deterioration. The maintenance of Westsik’s crop rotation experiment can be used to illustrate the value of long-term field experiments.

scholarly journals Conventional and organic cropping systems at Suitia VI: Insect populations in barley

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
Juha Helenius
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Stand Characteristics ◽  
Term Field

In 1988, insects were sampled from tillers and by pitfall trapping in a long-term field experiment consisting of plots of organic and conventional barley. The organic crops suffered from lack of nitrogen and from draught stress, and growth and development were retarded. The stand characteristics were suggested to be the major determinants of the fourfold higher densities of Rhopalosiphum padi(L.) (Horn., Aphididae) and the 50 % lower densities of Frankliniella tenuicornis Uzel (Thys., Thripidae) in the conventional than in the organic barley. The 75 % lower catch rate of Bembidion spp. (Col., Carabidae) in the conventional barley was attributed to lower activity resulting from the more closed canopy and more dense crop. However, the effect of an aphicide applied to the conventional crop was confounded with the true habitat effects. The densities of Coccinella seplempunclata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) were almost three times higher in the conventional than in the organic barley, which in turn was attributed to the higher prey (aphid) densities.

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