Pseudogley in Gundaroo Subsola, Southern Tablelands, New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dijk DC Van
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Prairie Soil ◽  
Red Earth

The genesis is discussed of a range of pedological differentiations which occur unusually deep in the soil and characterize low, but not the lowest, catenary segments of the Gundaroo pedomorpholith. This soil layer forms a large part of the soil mantle on the Southern Tablelands and is of considerable age. The deep-seated differentiations have developed as separate 'accessory' features below red-yellow and meadow podzolic, prairie soil, and red-earth sola of normal depth (2-4 ft). The zone in which they occur is termed the 'subsolum'. The features are dominated by vertical patterns related to planar and tubular voids. They include, besides a range of sesquioxidic forms, conspicuous clay differentiations comprising pronounced cutans and up to 1-1 1/2 in. wide vertical clay veins and well-developed pedality with thick colloid coatings. These features are believed to represent 'descendant' pseudogley and to be related to an unusually dynamic palaeoclimatic regime.

Emergence and early seedling growth of Phalaris tuberosa

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 422 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lazenby ◽  
JMA Schiller
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
New South ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Made In

A study was made in seed boxes at Armidale, New South Wales, on a red earth soil, of the effects of two soil tilths (particles<0.3 cm and between 0.6 and 1.25 cm), three seeding depths (surface seeding, 1.25 cm and 2.5 cm), and three levels of applied phosphorus (the equivalents of phosphorus in nil, 378 kg/ha and 756 kg/ha superphosphate, applied as sodium di-hydrogen phosphate) on emergence and early seedling growth of Phalaris tuberosa. Water was made non-limiting as far as practicable. Seedling counts were made every four days until the first harvest, 32 days after sowing. Four fortnightly destructive harvests were made to examine treatment effects on post-emergence seedling growth. Seeding into the fine tilth at a depth of 1.25 cm on the high phosphorus treatment gave the fastest and highest total seedling emergence. Conditions most favourable to immediate post-emergence seedling growth were sowing into a fine seedbed at a depth of 1.25 cm or 2.5 cm in combination with phosphorus ; the rate of seedling growth increased with rate of phosphorus applied.

A survey of the impact of cropping on soil physical and chemical properties in north-western New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Whitbread ◽  
Rod D. B. Lefroy ◽  
Graeme J. Blair
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil C ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
The Impact

The soil survey was conducted on cropped and uncropped Red Earths (Alfisols), Grey Clays, and Black Earths (Vertisols) in northern New South Wales. The degradation of soil physical properties between the cropped and uncropped reference sites was reflected in declines of 29–86% in hydraulic conductivity (K) and 33–71% in aggregation. Generally there was a substantial loss of carbon with cropping, and the loss of labile carbon (CL) was usually greater than the loss of total carbon (CT). A Grey Clay which had been cropped for >40 years had lost 63% and 51% of its CL and CT, respectively. An adjacent Grey Clay which had been cleared and cropped for only 2 years had lost 43% and 26% of its CL and CT, respectively, resulting in a C management index (CMI) of 55, indicating that a large proportion of soil C was lost soon after the commencement of cropping. Where well-managed legume leys had recently been grown, the loss of C was reduced, resulting in a higher CMI. A loss of total and available nutrients after cropping was also found, with the magnitude of the losses modified by fertiliser history. A highly significant correlation was found between CT or CL and the proportion of water-stable aggregates >250 µm for the Red Earth and Grey Clay soils, but this correlation was poor for the Black Earth. The importance of organic matter in maintaining aggregation in low clay soils such as the Red Earth was highlighted.

Effect of soil acidity and liming on lucerne and following crops in central-western New South Wales

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Mullen ◽  
B. J. Scott ◽  
C. M. Evans ◽  
M. K. Conyers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Carry Over

On some of the lighter textured soils in the wheatbelt of central-western New South Wales near Dubbo, soil acidity is a major problem, and lucerne (Medicago sativa) often establishes and grows poorly. We selected a site with a surface soil pHCa of 4.4 and an exchangeable aluminium of 0.4 cmol(+)/kg, which was also acidic down the soil profile. Experimental plots of 4 application rates of lime (nil, 1, 2 and 3 t/ha) in 4 replications were established. The site was limed in 1990 and lucerne sown in May 1991. Over the next 6 years the trial was periodically grazed with sheep, and lucerne regrowth and stand density were monitored. In October 1997, the lucerne was removed and 3 crops of varying acid tolerance (wheat, barley and canola) were sown as split plots in both 1998 and 1999. Lucerne density was higher in the limed plots compared with the unlimed treatment, and this difference persisted for 6 years. Dry matter production of lucerne was increased by lime applied at rates up to 2 t/ha. All 3 crops sown after the lucerne phase responded to lime applied 8 and/or 9 years earlier. The responses were attributed to the strong residual effect of the lime in the 0–10 cm soil layer, to smaller improvements in the 10–20 cm zone (possibly due to the movement of lime down the soil profile over the 7 years before the date of measurement) and to carry over effects of nitrogen fixation by the lucerne into the cropping phase. The protein content of the wheat grain was increased concurrently with grain yield due to the previous liming and resultant legume nitrogen effects. The results support the application of lime to improve the productivity of lucerne and subsequent crops, even when the soil is acidic to depths below the cultivation layer.

The relationship of soil properties to the growth of barrel medic at Condobolin, New South-Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
IP Little ◽  
CJ Chartres ◽  
RR Young
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Exchangeable Ca

Poor growth of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) has been observed in established pasture on the red duplex and gradational soils of the semi-arid sheep and wheat growing areas of western New South Wales. Red-brown earth soils were examined from three paddocks on Condobolin Research and Advisory Station in conjunction with a visual assessment of the growth of medic. The soils were sampled at 20 m intervals along three line transects in each of three paddocks with different cropping histories. Bray-P; pH, Mn and Al extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2; exchangeable plus soluble Na, K, Ca and Mg; and pH in a 1:5 soil/water suspension were measured at four depth increments at each sampling point. Although the pH in CaCl2 was often less than 5.0, in general no Al was extracted from the 0-5 cm soil layer. Classification of the soils on medic growth alone showed medics were absent from the most acid soils. However, there was considerable within class variability. A better approach was provided by classifying the soils by means of a Euclidean distance/flexible sort of scores from the first principal component. This classification showed that the poorest medic growth was associated with the most acid group with considerable amounts of Al soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2 in the 10-20 cm horizon. Medics grew best in soils with moderate pH values between 5 and 6 in CaCl2 where there was no soluble A1 and moderate levels of exchangeable Ca and Na and soluble Mn. Medics appeared also to grow less well in more alkaline soils where there was very little soluble Mn. There were no differences between classes in available P. There were differences between paddocks; the uncultivated paddock being the most acid and the paddock with the longest cropping history having more Bray-P, more exchangeable Na and more exchangeable Ca at 10-20 cm. The uncropped paddock became more acid and the base status was lowered by natural soil processes and its condition probably indicates the status of many such soils in the district.

Red Earth and Bones: the History of Cave Sediment Studies in New South Wales, Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cave Sediments ◽  
Fossil Bones ◽  
History Of ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
First Time ◽  
Low Activity ◽  
Cave Sediment

Red earth and bones are an enduring theme in the history of cave sediment studies in New South Wales. Scientific studies of cave sediments began with the discovery of fossil bones in red cave earth at Wellington Caves in the 1830's. Three distinct phases in the study of cave sediments in New South Wales can be recognised. In the first. Classical, phase, from 1830 to 1900, leading naturalists and geologists visited caves and reported the presence of sediments. Red earth was sought as an indicator of vertebrate fossils, however, neither the sediment itself, nor its stratigraphy was studied to any extent. In the second, Low Activity, phase, from 1900 till 1966, there was little scientific interest in cave sediments. Some work was done on phosphorites, and mention was made of both palaeokarst and possible correlation of sequences between different cave areas. The third, Modern, phase began in 1966 with the work of R. M. Frank, who for the first time examined both the composition and stratigraphy of cave sediments in New South Wales. Following Frank, cave sediment studies became specialised with a variety of sedimentological, chemical and stratigraphic approaches being taken.

Fertiliser responses of wheat sown into conventionally cultivated seedbeds and direct-drilled into previously uncultivated seedbeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
PR Dann ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Moderate Rate ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
The Difference

In 4 consecutive years (1980-83) on a red earth near Yass, New South Wales, 9 fertilizer treatments were applied annually to wheat which was either sown into conventionally cultivated seedbeds or direct-drilled into previously uncultivated seedbeds sprayed with herbicide. Treatments comprised 1 unfertilized control, 4 levels of P and at a moderate rate of P, 2 levels of S and 2 of N. The same fertilizer treatments were applied to each plot throughout the 4 years. The response to P was substantial, with yield increases up to the maximum rate of 37 kg of P/hathinyear. Average grain yield over 4 years was 3.2 t/ha at 37 kg P/ha and 0.5 t/ha without P. With fertilizer and grain prices that applied over the 4 years, these responses were highly profitable. There was a response to N in 1983 only (18 kg of grain/kg N) and a small response to S in 3 of the years. Yields were 17% higher under direct drilling in 1980, probably because of grassy weeds in the conventional cultivation plots. In 1981 there was no difference between the 2 tillage treatments, and in 1982-83 yields averaged 15% less under direct drilling. Although the difference between the yield of direct-drilled and conventional cultivation treatments were relatively greater without or at low P than at the highest P level, this interaction was not statistically significant.

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