scholarly journals An immunohistochemical study of lymphatic elements in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. e2002574118
Author(s):  
Éva Mezey ◽  
Ildikó Szalayova ◽  
Christopher T. Hogden ◽  
Alexandra Brady ◽  
Ágnes Dósa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Lamina Cribrosa ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Postmortem Human Brain ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
T Cell Migration ◽  
The Brain

Almost 150 papers about brain lymphatics have been published in the last 150 years. Recently, the information in these papers has been synthesized into a picture of central nervous system (CNS) “glymphatics,” but the fine structure of lymphatic elements in the human brain based on imaging specific markers of lymphatic endothelium has not been described. We used LYVE1 and PDPN antibodies to visualize lymphatic marker-positive cells (LMPCs) in postmortem human brain samples, meninges, cavernous sinus (cavum trigeminale), and cranial nerves and bolstered our findings with a VEGFR3 antibody. LMPCs were present in the perivascular space, the walls of small and large arteries and veins, the media of large vessels along smooth muscle cell membranes, and the vascular adventitia. Lymphatic marker staining was detected in the pia mater, in the arachnoid, in venous sinuses, and among the layers of the dura mater. There were many LMPCs in the perineurium and endoneurium of cranial nerves. Soluble waste may move from the brain parenchyma via perivascular and paravascular routes to the closest subarachnoid space and then travel along the dura mater and/or cranial nerves. Particulate waste products travel along the laminae of the dura mater toward the jugular fossa, lamina cribrosa, and perineurium of the cranial nerves to enter the cervical lymphatics. CD3-positive T cells appear to be in close proximity to LMPCs in perivascular/perineural spaces throughout the brain. Both immunostaining and qPCR confirmed the presence of adhesion molecules in the CNS known to be involved in T cell migration.

On the Trabecular Morphologies and Load Transfer to the Brain

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siavash Hashemi ◽  
Parisa Saboori ◽  
Shahab Mansoor-Baghaei ◽  
Ali M. Sadegh
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Trabecular Architecture ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Tree Shape ◽  
External Loads ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Arachnoid Mater

The human brain trabeculae contain strands of collagen tissues connecting the arachnoid to the pia mater. In this paper the mechanotransductions of the external loads to the head passing through different trabecular architectures of the subarachnoid space were investigated. This has been accomplished by creating several local 2-D models consist of skull, dura mater, arachnoid, trabecular architecture and the brain. Different orientations of several architectures of the trabeculae were also analyzed. All models were subjected to the same loading and constraints. The strains in the brain for each model of the architecture and morphology were determined and compared to other corresponding models. It is concluded that the strain in the brain is less where the tree-shape trabeculae are upright, where the branches are attached to the arachnoid mater and the stems are attached to the pia mater. In addition, in the case of other morphologies the strain in the brain is less when the ratio of the trabecular area to the CSF space is less.

scholarly journals Primary Cranial Vault Lymphoma Extending between Subcutaneous Tissue and Brain Parenchyma without Skull Destruction after Mild Head Trauma: A Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1118-1123
Author(s):  
Kengo Setta ◽  
Takaaki Beppu ◽  
Yuichi Sato ◽  
Hiroaki Saura ◽  
Junichi Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
The Brain

Malignant lymphoma of the head rarely arises outside of the brain parenchyma as primary cranial vault lymphoma (PCVL). A case of PCVL that invaded from subcutaneous tissue into the brain, passing through the skull, and occurred after mild head trauma is reported along with a review of the literature. The patient was a 75-year-old man with decreased activity. One month before his visit to our hospital, he bruised the left frontal area of his head. Magnetic resonance imaging showed homogeneously enhanced tumors with contrast media in the subcutaneous tissue corresponding to the head impact area and the cerebral parenchyma, but no obvious abnormal findings in the skull. A biopsy with craniotomy was performed under general anesthesia. The pathological diagnosis was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. On histological examination, tumor cells grew aggressively under the skin. Tumor cells invaded along the emissary vein into the external table without remarkable bone destruction and extended across the skull through the Haversian canals in the diploe. Tumor cells were found only at the perivascular areas in the dura mater and extended into the brain parenchyma. Considering the history of head trauma and the neuroimaging and histological findings, the PCVL in the present case arose primarily under the skin, passed though the skull and dura mater, and invaded along vessels and reached the brain.

2. German Retrospect

1889 ◽  
Vol 35 (150) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Sylvian Fissure ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
The Brain

S. Beljahow communicated to the Psychiatric Association of St. Petersburg his observations on four brains of senile dements (“Neurologisches Centralblatt,” No. 3, 1887). Three of these subjects were women. The weights of the brains were 1030, 1035, 1080, and 1100 grammes. Their ages ran from 64 to 75 years. The pathological alterations were similar in all the four cases. There was hardening of the cranial bones; in some cases the diploe had entirely disappeared. The dura mater was found united with the cranium; there was also pachymeningitis hæmorrhagica. The pia mater was thickened, and when detached from the cortex brought away a portion of matter with it. The convolutions were slender; the fissures wider than usual; the cortical portion of the brain diminished in thickness; the vessels of the base of the brain, especially the basilar carotids and the arteries of the Sylvian fissure, were sclerosed and their walls in some places calcified.

scholarly journals On the casuistry of progressive paralysis (several cases with acute and prolonged course)

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
G. A. Dedov
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Serous Fluid ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Cortical Substance ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

28 / VII. The patient died at 6.30 am. Opening 28 / VII. Great emaciation; stiffness is poorly expressed; on the sacrum and on the right trochanter bedsores. The bones of the cranial vault are thickened, diple is almost absent. Dura mater is spliced ​​in some places with the inner surface of the vault and with the pia mater. The last one is thickened, cloudy (milky stripes), it is removed from the surface of the brain with great difficulty. Brain weight 1397.0; its substance is edematous; the cortical substance is anemic, atrophied; the lateral ventricles are dilated with a large amount of serous fluid. In the internal organs, except for the expansion of the lower lobes of both lungs, no pathological changes were noted.

scholarly journals Cerebral Vessels: An Overview of Anatomy, Physiology, and Role in the Drainage of Fluids and Solutes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nivedita Agarwal ◽  
Roxana Octavia Carare
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Venous Sinuses ◽  
The Brain

The cerebral vasculature is made up of highly specialized structures that assure constant brain perfusion necessary to meet the very high demand for oxygen and glucose by neurons and glial cells. A dense, redundant network of arteries is spread over the entire pial surface from which penetrating arteries dive into the cortex to reach the neurovascular units. Besides providing blood to the brain parenchyma, cerebral arteries are key in the drainage of interstitial fluid (ISF) and solutes such as amyloid-beta. This occurs along the basement membranes surrounding vascular smooth muscle cells, toward leptomeningeal arteries and deep cervical lymph nodes. The dense microvasculature is made up of fine capillaries. Capillary walls contain pericytes that have contractile properties and are lined by a highly specialized blood–brain barrier that regulates the entry of solutes and ions and maintains the integrity of the composition of ISF. They are also important for the production of ISF. Capillaries drain into venules that course centrifugally toward the cortex to reach cortical veins and empty into dural venous sinuses. The walls of the venous sinuses are also home to meningeal lymphatic vessels that support the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, although such pathways are still poorly understood. Damage to macro- and microvasculature will compromise cerebral perfusion, hamper the highly synchronized movement of neurofluids, and affect the drainage of waste products leading to neuronal and glial degeneration. This review will present vascular anatomy, their role in fluid dynamics, and a summary of how their dysfunction can lead to neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals A microfabricated, 3D-sharpened silicon shuttle for insertion of flexible electrode arrays through dura mater into brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Joo ◽  
Jiang Lan Fan ◽  
Supin Chen ◽  
Jeanine A. Pebbles ◽  
Hexin Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dura Mater ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Vascular Damage ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Surgical Time ◽  
Flexible Polymer ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tissue Compression

AbstractElectrode arrays for chronic implantation in the brain are a critical technology in both neuroscience and medicine. Recently, flexible, thin-film polymer electrode arrays have shown promise in facilitating stable, single-unit recordings spanning months in rats. While array flexibility enhances integration with neural tissue, it also requires removal of the dura mater, the tough membrane surrounding the brain, and temporary bracing to penetrate the brain parenchyma. Durotomy increases brain swelling, vascular damage, and surgical time. Insertion using a bracing shuttle results in additional vascular damage and brain compression, which increase with device diameter; while a higher-diameter shuttle will have a higher critical load and more likely penetrate dura, it will damage more brain parenchyma and vasculature. One way to penetrate the intact dura and limit tissue compression without increasing shuttle diameter is to reduce the force required for insertion by sharpening the shuttle tip. We describe a novel design and fabrication process to create silicon insertion shuttles that are sharp in three dimensions and can penetrate rat dura, for faster, easier, and less damaging implantation of polymer arrays. Sharpened profiles are obtained by reflowing patterned photoresist, then transferring its sloped profile to silicon with dry etches. We demonstrate that sharpened shuttles can reliably implant polymer probes through dura to yield high quality single unit and local field potential recordings for at least 95 days. On insertion directly through dura, tissue compression is minimal. This is the first demonstration of a rat dural-penetrating array for chronic recording. This device obviates the need for a durotomy, reducing surgical time and risk of damage to the blood-brain barrier. This is an improvement to state-of-the-art flexible polymer electrode arrays that facilitates their implantation, particularly in multi-site recording experiments. This sharpening process can also be integrated into silicon electrode array fabrication.

scholarly journals Isolation and in vitro culture of primary pia mater cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Saadeh ◽  
Jan Remsik ◽  
Camille Derderian ◽  
Yudan Chi ◽  
Adrienne Boire
Keyword(s):  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Marker Identification

AbstractThe meninges remain an unexplored area of neurobiology. These structures play host to dozens of morbid pathologies. This protocol provides a reliable way to identify and isolate pial cells from mice using robust markers of pial identity in mouse and human tissues. We describe a protocol for the extraction of pia mater cells from mice and their culture as primary cells in vitro. Using an array of transcriptomic, histological, and flow cytometric analyses, we identified Icam1 and Slc38a2 as two novel pia mater markers in vitro and in vivo. Our results confirm the fibroblastoid nature of pial cells and their ability to form a sheet-like layer that covers the brain parenchyma. To our knowledge, this is the first published protocol for the isolation, tissue culture, and marker identification of pial cells from mice. These findings will enable researchers in CNS barriers to describe pial cell functions in both health and disease.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal Fluid and Interstitial Fluid Motion via the Glymphatic Pathway Modelled by Optimal Mass Transport

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Ratner ◽  
Yi Gao ◽  
Hedok Lee ◽  
Maikan Nedergaard ◽  
Helene Benveniste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Glymphatic Pathway ◽  
The Brain

It was recently shown that the brain-wide cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid exchange system designated the `glymphatic pathway' plays a key role in removing waste products from the brain, similarly to the lymphatic system in other body organs [1,2]. It is therefore important to study the flow patterns of glymphatic transport through the live brain in order to better understand its functionality in normal and pathological states. Unlike blood, the CSF does not flow rapidly through a network of dedicated vessels, but rather through peri-vascular channels and brain parenchyma in a slower time-domain, and thus conventional fMRI or other blood-flow sensitive MRI sequences do not provide much useful information about the desired flow patterns. We have accordingly analyzed a series of MRI images, taken at different times, of the brain of a live rat, which was injected with a paramagnetic tracer into the CSF via the lumbar intrathecal space of the spine. Our goal is twofold: (a) find glymphatic (tracer) flow directions in the live rodent brain; and (b) provide a model of a (healthy) brain that will allow the prediction of tracer concentrations given initial conditions. We model the liquid flow through the brain by the diffusion equation. We then use the Optimal Mass Transfer (OMT) approach [3] to model the glymphatic flow vector field, and estimate the diffusion tensors by analyzing the (changes in the) flow. Simulations show that the resulting model successfully reproduces the dominant features of the experimental data.

scholarly journals Is Vagus Nerve Stimulation Brain Washing?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P. Cheng ◽  
Sarah K. Brodnick ◽  
Stephan L. Blanz ◽  
Weifeng Zeng ◽  
Jack Kegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Vagal Nerve ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Adrenergic Signaling ◽  
The Brain

AbstractVagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is an FDA approved treatment method for intractable epilepsy, treatment resistant depression, cluster headaches and migraine with over 100,000 patients having received vagal nerve implants to date. Moreover, evidence in the literature has led to a growing list of possible clinical indications, with several small clinical trials applying VNS to treat conditions ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to arthritis, anxiety disorders, and obesity. Despite the growing list of therapeutic applications, the fundamental mechanisms by which VNS achieves its beneficial effects are poorly understood and an area of active research. In parallel, the glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems have recently been proposed and experimentally validated to explain how the brain maintains a healthy homeostasis without a traditionally defined lymphatic system. In particular, the glymphatic system relates to the interchange of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) whose net effect is to wash through the brain parenchyma removing metabolic waste products and misfolded proteins from the interstitium. Of note, clearance is sensitive to adrenergic signaling, and a primary driver of CSF influx into the parenchyma appears to be cerebral arterial pulsations and respiration. As VNS has well-documented effects on cardiovascular and respiratory physiology as well as brain adrenergic signaling, we hypothesized that VNS delivered at clinically derived parameters would increase CSF influx in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we injected a low molecular weight (3 kD) lysine-fixable fluorescent tracer (TxRed) into the CSF system of mice with a cervical vagus nerve cuff implant and measured the amount of CSF penetrance following VNS. We found that the clinical VNS group showed a significant increase in CSF dye penetrance as compared to the naïve control and sham groups. This study demonstrates that VNS therapeutic strategies already being applied in the clinic today may induce intended effects and/or unwanted side effects by altering CSF/ISF exchange in the brain. This may have broad ranging implications in the treatment of various CNS pathologies.One Sentence SummaryCervical vagus nerve stimulation using clinically derived parameters enhances movement of cerebrospinal fluid into the brain parenchyma presenting a previously unreported effect of vagus nerve stimulation with potential clinical utility.

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