Rethinking the Dating of Old French Syllable-Final Consonant Loss

Diachronica ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Gess
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Old French ◽  
Wird Eine ◽  
French Word ◽  
Avoir Lieu

SUMMARY Based on the assumption that the loss of the Old French word-internal syllable-final consonants (/S/ ( = [s] and [z]), /N/ ( = all nasal consonants), forward a unified analysis of these changes according to which they should have taken place within two or three centuries, rather than the ten or eleven centuries that has previously been assumed. I provide empirical support for this analysis. Previous hypotheses, which treat the changes as entirely separate events, are shown to be inadequate and lacking of tenable empirical support. RÉSUMÉ Basé sur la supposition que la perte en ancien français des consonnes finales des syllabes internes (/S/ ( = [s] et [z]), /N/ (=toute consonne nasale), /I/ et /R/) sont des manifestations individuelles d'un seul processus général, j'avance une analyse unifiée de ces changements selon laquelle ils ont dû avoir lieu dans une période de deux ou trois siècles, au lieu de dix ou onze siècles, comme on l'a supposé avant. Je pourvois des données empiriques à l'appui de cette analyse. Je montre que les hypothèses précédentes, selon lesquelles les changements sont des événements tout à fait séparés, sont insuffisantes et manquantes de soutien empirique défendable. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Aufgrund der Annahme, dass der Verlust der wort-internen Konsonanten in Silben-Endstellung (/S/ ( = [s] und [z]), /N/ ( = alle Nasalkonsonanten), /l/ und /R/) Anzeichen eines einzigen Prozesses ist, wird eine einheitliche Analyse dieser Veränderungen vorgelegt, denenzufolge sie in einem Zeitraum von zwei oder drei Jahrhunderten stattgefunden haben sollen, und nicht, wie bisher angenommen, von zehn oder elf. Für diese Analyse wird empirische Stütze geliefert. Es wird gezeigt, dass bisherige Hypothesen, diese Veränderungen als vollkommen getrennte Ereignisse zu behandeln, wegen ihres Mangels an haltbarer, empirischer Stütze unzureichend sind.

Reliance and expectation in estoppel remedies

Legal Studies ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
French Word ◽  
True State ◽  
State Of Affairs

The word ‘estoppel’ had its origins in the old French word ‘estoup’, meaning plug or stopper. The principle of estoppel by representation of fact operates in a manner which is consistent with those origins. Where a representation of fact is relied upon by a representee, the effect of the estoppel is to stop up the mouth of the representor, and prevent him or her from asserting facts contrary to his or her own representation. The rights of the parties are then determined by reference to the represented or assumed state of affairs. An estoppel by representation of fact can be used defensively, where an action which would otherwise be available to the plaintiff is not available on the assumed state of affairs. It can also be used aggressively, to establish a state of affairs in which a cause of action exists, where that cause of action would not be available on the true state of affairs.

Curing Oneself of One's (Father)Land

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kusek
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Old French ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
American Writer ◽  
French Word ◽  
Emotional Dimension ◽  
Opening Section

In the opening section of his 2017 memoir An Odyssey, the American writer and scholar Daniel Mendelsohn aptly notes that the English language has a number of nouns to describe the act of moving in space from one point to another. While “voyage,” due to its Latin provenance is “saturated in the material”2 (Lat. viaticum, i.e. provisions for a journey), and “journey,” which originates in the Old French word jornee (meaning day or its portion), points to the temporal dimension of moving, the word “travel” (also French in origin, travail) refers to effort and pain (Mendelsohn 20). “Travel,” Mendelsohn asserts, “suggests the emotional dimension of travelling: not its material accessories, or how long it may last, but how it feels. For in the days when these words took their shape and meaning, travel was above all difficult, painful, arduous, something strenuously avoided by most people” (20–21).

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Carlen
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
French Word ◽  
Peter Drucker ◽  
Management Expert

In 1985, Peter Drucker, the late management expert, defined entrepreneurship as “the act that endows resources with a new capacity to create wealth,”1 among the most specific and meaningful definitions of the term. More literally, the words “entrepreneurship” and “enterprise” both derive from the Old French word for “an undertaking,” ...

Truancy

1939 ◽  
Vol 85 (354) ◽  
pp. 45-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Old French ◽  
French Word

Truant is an old French word meaning “vagrant”, and the term “truancy” means “unlawful absence”. The study of truancy in children is chiefly concerned with wandering, staying out from home, and staying away from, and refusing to go to school.

‘Le naufrage de ce mortel monde’

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-64
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Old French ◽  
Rich Cluster ◽  
French Word ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mirrors For Princes

Over the course of the sixteenth century, the Old French word for ship—‘nef’—gradually fell out of use, being replaced by ‘navire’ and ‘vaisseau’. This chapter explores an important strand of this story; the persistence of a symbolic, literary ‘nef’, whose origins can be traced from medieval tradition through to the first decade of the sixteenth century. A mini-genre, the Nef book, capitalized on the popularity of Sebastian Brant’s Narrenschiff, and over the course of just a few years, this genre developed and changed, generating de-nauticalized compendia on a range of subjects. These compendia are significant with respect to (among other things) the beginnings of the commonplace book; two of the authors examined in this chapter (Jodocus Badius and Symphorien Champier), played important roles in the emergence of this tradition. Shipwreck often represents the fate of the sinner’s soul, but as the concerns of the Nef books become more worldly, and less spiritual, partly by contact with the Fürstenspiegel (mirrors for princes) tradition, so too the significance of shipwrecks shifts; the prospect of bodily shipwreck, in particular, comes increasingly to the fore. Besides identifying and analysing this previously neglected family of books, this chapter sheds light on several important conventions that will continue to inform the dynamics of shipwreck throughout the century. In particular, it shows that seafaring was the subject both of curiosity and of moral anxiety; it is this tension that makes the family of Nef books a particularly rich cluster of texts with which to open this study of shipwreck.

Two Old French Word-Studies

1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LEVY
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
French Word

I longobardi alla VI Crociata

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Laura Minervini
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Old French ◽  
French Word ◽  
Latin East

Abstract The Old French word longuebart, with the meaning ‘inhabitant of Southern Italy’, is used in chronicles that deal with the war between the emperor Frederick II and the lords of Ibelin written in the Latin East. This article traces the history that lies behind this unexpected use of the term examining medieval French, Latin and Italian texts of various kinds.

Translating Crew Management Process Into a Simulation Video Game

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Shandhi Sayogo ◽  
Hafif Aziz Ahmad ◽  
Dianing Ratri
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Old French ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Process ◽  
French Word ◽  
Crew Management ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One

Management came from an old French word ménagement, which means “the art of implementation and regulation”. It is a process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling resources to achieve goals effectively and efficiently, a process which could be found in everyday’s activities. But, every resource management revolves around one particular resource, which is human. The only reason is because humans are the one that can change and improve resources like energy, money, and time into something more valuable. The problem is sometimes humans forget that management is necessary in everyday’s life, even for the smallest thing. Therefore, a research is conducted to create a supporting media to help people learn the value and the importance of management. The media chosen is video game as it is considered as a media that can be used to simulate management process more effectively with its interactivities and fun aspect. The parable that being used is crew management as a representative of human resource to manage all the other resources. Crew allocation, timing management and anything else that could be considered as a good crew management process is to be translated into the simulation video game. Thus, it becomes a media with a more fun way to learn about management without the players being explicitly told that they are learning by playing. 

TWO OLD FRENCH WORD-STUDIES

1948 ◽  
Vol II (3) ◽  
pp. 240-246
Author(s):  
RAPHAEL LEVY
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
French Word
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