Opening the “black box” of learning to read

The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good & Brophy, 1990). In general, the behavior theorists view the mind as a “black box” in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Behaviorists believe that learning takes place as the result of a response that follows on a specific stimulus. By repeating the S-R (stimulus-response) cycle, the organism (may it be an animal or human) is conditioned into repeating the response whenever the same stimulus is present. The behavioral emphasis on breaking down complex tasks, such as learning to read, into subskills that are taught separately, has a powerful influence on instructional design. Behaviors can be modified, and learning is measured by observable change in behavior. The behavior theorists emphasize the need of objectivity, which leads to great accentuation of statistical and mathematical analysis.

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Behaviorism and Developments in Instructional Design and Technology

Instructional Design ◽

10.4018/978-1-60960-503-2.ch510 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1259-1281

Author(s):

Irene Chen

Keyword(s):

Instructional Design ◽

Mathematical Analysis ◽

Black Box ◽

Design And Technology ◽

Thought Processes ◽

Specific Stimulus ◽

Learning To Read ◽

Stimulus Response ◽

Observable Change ◽

The Mind

The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the study of overt behaviors that can be observed and measured (Good & Brophy, 1990). In general, the behavior theorists view the mind as a “black box” in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind. Behaviorists believe that learning takes place as the result of a response that follows on a specific stimulus. By repeating the S-R (stimulus-response) cycle, the organism (may it be an animal or human) is conditioned into repeating the response whenever the same stimulus is present. The behavioral emphasis on breaking down complex tasks, such as learning to read, into subskills that are taught separately, has a powerful influence on instructional design. Behaviors can be modified, and learning is measured by observable change in behavior. The behavior theorists emphasize the need of objectivity, which leads to great accentuation of statistical and mathematical analysis.

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Information System Design for Tadarus Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Darul Ulum Kintap Webbased

International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) ◽

10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i1.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 26-36

Author(s):

Suci Febriani ◽

Herpendi ◽

Muhammad Noor

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Black Box ◽

Research Data ◽

Learning To Read ◽

Information System Design ◽

Technological Developments ◽

New Students ◽

Access Data ◽

Formal School

Madrasah is a place of study or formal school equivalent to elementary school, but at madrasah there will be more to learn about Islam, especially learning to read the Koran. Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Kintap uses the at-tanzil method in the process of learning the Qur'an, with the aim that students can understand more quickly about tajwid and the law of reading the Quran. MI Darul Ulum Kintap will provide a notebook of the achievements of the students so that parents can monitor the extent to which the students have learned. The problem that exists in recording the student's achievement using a note book is the negligence of the students in maintaining the achievement record book, so that it can make it difficult for parents and teachers to monitor the learning process of the students. To overcome this problem, the authors take advantage of technological developments by building a system that can be used to access data on student achievement in real time. This research also adds a feature to register new students, so that parents can register their children online. In this research, data analysis uses the method waterfall. The results of the research that has been carried out are that all features or functions of the system built have run well according to their function by testing the functionality of the system using the method black-box.

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Addressing African American English in Early Literacy Assessment and Instruction

Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations ◽

10.1044/cds15.2.54 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 54-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nicole Patton Terry

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Early Literacy ◽

American English ◽

Critical Role ◽

Literacy Skills ◽

African American English ◽

Literacy Assessment ◽

Learning To Read ◽

Speech Language Pathologist ◽

Early Literacy Assessment

Abstract Determining how best to address young children's African American English use in formal literacy assessment and instruction is a challenge. Evidence is not yet available to discern which theory best accounts for the relation between AAE use and literacy skills or to delineate which dialect-informed educational practices are most effective for children in preschool and the primary grades. Nonetheless, consistent observations of an educationally significant relation between AAE use and various early literacy skills suggest that dialect variation should be considered in assessment and instruction practices involving children who are learning to read and write. The speech-language pathologist can play a critical role in instituting such practices in schools.

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