Alpha adrenergic receptors have role in the inhibitory effect of electrical low frequency stimulation on epileptiform activity in rats

Author(s):  
Mahmoud Rezaei ◽  
Nooshin Ahmadirad ◽  
Zahra Ghasemi ◽  
Amir Shojaei ◽  
Mohammad Reza Raoufy ◽  
...  
1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-831
Author(s):  
D. W. EWER

1. The responses to electrical stimulation of isolated rings of the column and pedal disk of Calliactis are described. Such rings make slow spontaneous contractions which are frequently rhythmical, the interval between contractions normally being 7-20 min. 2. Continuous low-frequency stimulation inhibits spontaneous activity of rings from the pedal disk and also of fresh rings from more adoral regions of the column. Older rings from the mid-column respond to such stimulation by a tetanic contraction. 3. The latency of response to electrical stimulation of pedal rings is of the order of 120 sec. This latency is not affected by stimulation frequency but is prolonged by increase in the number of shocks applied. 4. Stimulation of a pedal ring at the onset of a contraction prevents the further development of this contraction, while stimulation as a contraction reaches its maximum is followed by more rapid relaxation than in unstimulated controls. 5. Mid-column rings when freshly prepared show a latency of the order of 120 sec. As the preparation ages, a double response to stimulation appears; the first response has a latency of about 30-40 sec. and presently becomes the only type of response shown. 6. If two sets of stimuli are applied to a mid-column ring, the magnitude of response to the second set increases as the time between stimulations increases. With long intervals an almost total contraction is obtained in response to a single shock. 7. The effect of intercalated stimuli upon the rhythm of spontaneous activity is studied. The effect is very variable and it is suggested that this is the result of electrical stimulation having both an excitatory and an inhibitory effect. 8. The very long latent periods characteristic of pedal rings and the rhythmic activity of these preparations are interpreted as interactions of excitation and inhibition.


2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konosuke Yamasaki ◽  
Shuitsu Harada ◽  
Itsuro Higuchi ◽  
Mitsuhiro Osame ◽  
Gakuji Ito

1957 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. C. Lloyd

An assemblage of individual motoneurons constituting a synthetic motoneuron pool has been studied from the standpoint of relating monosynaptic reflex responses to frequency of afferent stimulation. Intensity of low frequency depression is not a simple function of transmitter potentiality. As frequency of stimulation increases from 3 per minute to 10 per second, low frequency depression increases in magnitude. Between 10 and approximately 60 per second low frequency depression apparently diminishes and subnormality becomes a factor in causing depression. At frequencies above 60 per second temporal summation occurs, but subnormality limits the degree of response attainable by summation. At low stimulation frequencies rhythm is determined by stimulation frequency. Interruptions of rhythmic firing depend solely upon temporal fluctuation of excitability. At high frequency of stimulation rhythm is determined by subnormality rather than inherent rhythmicity, and excitability fluctuation leads to instability of response rhythm. In short, whatever the stimulation frequency, random excitability fluctuation is the factor disrupting rhythmic response. Monosynaptic reflex response latency is stable during high frequency stimulation as it is in low frequency stimulation provided a significant extrinsic source of random bombardment is not present. In the presence of powerful random bombardment discharge may become random with respect to monosynaptic afferent excitation provided the latter is feeble. When this occurs it does so equally at low frequency and high frequency. Thus temporal summation is not a necessary factor. There is, then, no remaining evidence to suggest that the agency for temporal summation in the monosynaptic system becomes a transmitting agency in its own right.


1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 953-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Glimcher ◽  
D. L. Sparks

1. The first experiment of this study determined the effects of low-frequency stimulation of the monkey superior colliculus on spontaneous saccades in the dark. Stimulation trains, subthreshold for eliciting short-latency fixed-vector saccades, were highly effective at biasing the metrics (direction and amplitude) of spontaneous movements. During low-frequency stimulation, the distribution of saccade metrics was biased toward the direction and amplitude of movements induced by suprathreshold stimulation of the same collicular location. 2. Low-frequency stimulation biased the distribution of saccade metrics but did not initiate movements. The distribution of intervals between stimulation onset and the onset of the next saccade did not differ significantly from the distribution of intervals between an arbitrary point in time and the onset of the next saccade under unstimulated conditions. 3. Results of our second experiment indicate that low-frequency stimulation also influenced the metrics of visually guided saccades. The magnitude of the stimulation-induced bias increased as stimulation current or frequency was increased. 4. The time course of these effects was analyzed by terminating stimulation immediately before, during, or after visually guided saccades. Stimulation trains terminated at the onset of a movement were as effective as stimulation trains that continued throughout the movement. No effects were observed if stimulation ended 40–60 ms before the movement began. 5. These results show that low-frequency collicular stimulation can influence the direction and amplitude of spontaneous or visually guided saccades without initiating a movement. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the collicular activity responsible for specifying the horizontal and vertical amplitude of a saccade differs from the type of collicular activity that initiates a saccade.


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