Does an effect of marriage duration on pre-transition fertility signal parity-dependent control? An empirical test in nineteenth-century Leuven, Belgium

Members of a patent pool agree to use a set of patents as if they were jointly owned by all members and license them as a package to other firms. This article uses the example of the first patent pool in U.S. history, the Sewing Machine Combination (1856–1877) to perform the first empirical test of the effects of a patent pool on innovation. Contrary to theoretical predictions, the sewing machine pool appears to have discouraged patenting and innovation, in particular for the members of the pool. Data on stitches per minute, an objectively quantifiable measure of innovation, confirm these findings.

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Suicide-Related Experiences among Blacks: An Empirical Test of a Suicide Potential Scale

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.2190/22uv-1p79-96b1-fddc ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 183-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Friedrich V. Wenz

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Suicidal Behavior ◽

Census Tract ◽

Empirical Test ◽

Economic Status ◽

Black Americans ◽

Racial Groups ◽

Potential Scale ◽

The City ◽

Northern City

There has been a continuing controversy concerning the rate of black suicide. A majority of studies reported lower suicide rates for blacks. Contrary to these studies, some of the literature indicates that the opposite is true and that suicide among black Americans has been a problem since the nineteenth century. Developing a Suicide Potential Scale for a number of socially differentiated and stratified census tract populations in a northern city, this paper argues that scores on this scale are related to actual suicidal behavior. Variation in scores among racial groups are examined within two different economic status areas of the city. Little variation in suicide potential scores among racial groups was found within the two economic status areas, but wide variation exists between different economic status areas. These data support the position that variation in suicide among blacks is mainly determined by economic status.

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