Short-term and long-term study abroad: The impact on language learners’ intercultural communication, L2 confidence, and sense of L2 self

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Peter Neff ◽  
Matthew Apple
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Business Students' Choice of Short-Term or Long-Term Study Abroad Opportunities

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey R. Fitzsimmons ◽  
David J. Flanagan ◽  
Xiaodan “Abby” Wang
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study

The Effect of a Short-Term Study Abroad Class on Students' Cross-Cultural Awareness

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Mapp ◽  
Peggy McFarland ◽  
Elizabeth A. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study

The purpose of this study was to discover if short-term study abroad trips produce the same changes in students that have been documented in long-term study abroad trips. The study was conducted with current and past participants of a short-term study abroad trip to Ireland from a small liberal arts school. Quantitative and qualitative assessment tools were used to address the question. Results found that change was supported by the qualitative, but not the quantitative, assessment. Students reported the trip increased their cross-cultural awareness and their interest in a long-term study abroad experience. As these results support the hypothesis that short-term study abroad experiences have a positive effect on students' growth, it is important that programs develop and facilitate such opportunities for their students. Not only will this improve the global awareness and cultural competence of participants, but it will increase participation in long-term study abroad programs.

Effective or Self-Selective: Random Assignment Demonstrates Short-Term Study Abroad Effectively Encourages Further Study Abroad

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-428
Author(s):  
Maki Kato ◽  
Ken Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Abroad Programs ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Study Abroad Program

Much attention has been paid to the effects of study abroad, especially because of recent increases in participation in such programs. One problem, however, is the selection bias of participants inherent in study abroad programs. The present study examines whether participation in a short-term study abroad program leads to participation in further long-term study abroad programs. Data were obtained from 705 applicants in the 2013-2015 academic year at a Japanese university, 300 of whom were assigned randomly to participate in a short-term study abroad program. The study results showed a significantly higher participation rate among previous participants than among nonparticipants. The results of a questionnaire completed by the former participants of the short-term program showed that they were more likely to translate plans for participating in the long-term study abroad program into action based on their prior overseas experiences.

scholarly journals Eastern Promises Fulfilled: The Differential Impact of Marketing-Focused Short-Term Study Abroad Programs in India and Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-179
Author(s):  
Zafar Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Abroad Programs ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Study Abroad Program ◽  
The Impact

This study compares two marketing focused short term study programs in Asia (Indi a and Japan) and highlights reasons as to why students perceive that they learn more in one country than the other . Research to date has sparsely assessed the impact of study abroad programs on students’ perceived growth . The existing literature has rarely focused on short term study abroad programs while focusing mainly on undergraduate non business students studying in Europe in long term study abroad program s Short term study abroad programs (lasting less than eight weeks) are not considere d rigorous enough and several doubts exist as to their effectiveness as a pedagogical technique. This paper uses survey methodology and a sample of 92 undergraduate and graduate business students who have completed a short term study abroad program. The results show that students in these particular short term study abroad programs perceive greater personal, professional, and inter cultural growth than in a 10 week quarter long course. Students’ backgrounds could be a differential impact facto r, but more research needs to be done. Marketing educators, when designing short term study abroad programs, are encouraged to balance freedom and structure, and account for students’ backgrounds.

Hematologic and Bone Marrow Changes after Short- and Long-term Administration of Two Recombinant Bovine Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factors

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Cullor ◽  
W. Smith ◽  
J. G. Zinkl ◽  
J. D. Dellinger ◽  
T. Boone
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factors ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
A Cell

Colony-stimulating factors are a category of glycoproteins that are instrumental in the regulation of hematopoiesis and inflammation. This investigation documented the clinical bone marrow and peripheral blood responses to short-term and long-term administration of a recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rb-GCSF) and an analog, where the cysteine at position 17 was substituted with a serine (rb-GCSF ser17). The colony-stimulating factors produced the expected changes in the hematologic findings of the bovine subjects in the study, and there was a cell-specific response to the compounds. The sustained neutrophilia in the long-term study indicates that the bovine species can tolerate the administration of recombinant forms of bovine GCSF for extended periods of time without detectable adverse side effects. The neutrophils from the short-term study revealed no apparent fluctuation, either as enhanced or reduced capability to reduce nitro blue tetrazolium as compared to pretreatment neutrophils. The administration of both recombinant forms of GCSF produced large increases in the bone marrow myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio concomitantly with the neutrophilias. This is the first preliminary report documenting the bone marrow response of cattle to the native and recombinant (rb-GCSF ser17) forms of bovine GCSF.

Duration Matters: Separating the Impact of Depth and Duration in Study Abroad Programs

2019 ◽  
pp. 102831531988738
Author(s):  
Stephen B. DeLoach ◽  
Mark R. Kurt ◽  
Neal H. Olitsky
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Academic Program ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Abroad Programs ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Impact

Study abroad participation has increased dramatically over the past two decades, primarily through the growth of short-term study abroad experiences. Given this, it is logical to ask whether short-term experiences are capable of delivering student learning outcomes equivalent to those of long-term experiences. The research presented in this article addresses this question by asking if program duration (i.e., temporal length of the academic program) or depth (i.e., focused and reflective interaction with the destination culture) has a greater impact on changes in students’ global awareness. A longitudinal study across 80 study abroad programs from a single institution, measured global awareness pre- and post-abroad experience. This design controlled for preexisting differences (self-selection) and allowed us to rigorously estimate the relative effects of depth and duration across four dimensions of global awareness. Results show that a longer duration was associated with significant changes in three out of the four global awareness dimensions measured. The only depth measure that positively and significantly impacted global awareness was when the study abroad destination was a non-English speaking country. Even in this instance, the impact non-English speaking destination was increased further for longer durations.

scholarly journals 14 Long-term Efficacy of Brexpiprazole in Patients with Schizophrenia with Clinically Relevant Levels of Negative Symptoms

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-180
Author(s):  
Catherine Weiss ◽  
Peter Zhang ◽  
Ross A Baker ◽  
Mary Hobart ◽  
Nanco Hefting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Extension Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Open Label Extension ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractBackgroundEffective treatments for patients with high levels of negative symptoms of schizophrenia are lacking. Brexpiprazole is a serotonin–dopamine activity modulator that is a partial agonist at 5-HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors, and an antagonist at 5-HT2A and noradrenaline alpha1B/2C receptors, all with subnanomolar potency. Long-term treatment with brexpiprazole demonstrated broad efficacy across all five Marder factor groupings, including positive, negative, disorganized thoughts, uncontrolled hostility/excitement, and anxiety/depression. This post-hoc analysis of long-term effects of brexpiprazole in patients with clinically relevant levels of negative symptoms of schizophrenia is based on data from two similarly designed short-term, placebo-controlled studies (Vector; NCT01396421 or Beacon; NCT01393613) for the brexpiprazole-treated patients who continued into an open-label extension study (Zenith; NCT01397786).MethodsIn the short-term studies, patients with acute schizophrenia were randomly assigned to fixed once-daily doses of brexpiprazole 0.25mg (Vector), 1mg (Beacon), 2mg , 4mg or placebo for 6weeks. The long-term study was an open-label, 52-week (amended to 26weeks), safety extension study with flexible-dose (1–4mg/day) brexpiprazole. The post-hoc analyses were performed on brexpiprazole-treated patients from the short-term studies who continued into the long-term study, and who had clinically relevant negative symptoms, defined as PANSS Factor Score for Negative Symptoms (PANSS-FSNS; N1, N2, N3, N4, G7, G16) of ≥24, and score of ≥4 on at least two of three core negative symptom PANSS items at randomization in the parent study. The outcome of the analysis included change from baseline to up to 58weeks in PANSS-FSNS, PANSS Total, and PSP. Safety was also assessed.ResultsA total of 187 patients with clinically relevant levels of negative symptoms in the parent study rolled-over into the open-label extension study and were available for analysis. Eighty-three of these patients remained in the studies for 58weeks. Due to the study amendment, not all patients had the opportunity of complete 52weeks of open-label treatment. Baseline PANSS Total score was 104.4, while baseline PANSS-FSNS was 27.6 and baseline PSP Total score was 41.3. Mean change (SD) from baseline in PANSS-FSNS was –10.9 (5.0), and –44.2 (17.5) for PANSS Total score at Week 58. Change from baseline (SD) to Week 58 for PSP Total score was 24.8 (12.9) with improvement in all domains (socially useful activities, personal and social relationship, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviors). The TEAEs reported ≥5% were schizophrenia (18.9%), insomnia (8.6%), weight increased (5.9%) and akathisia (5.9%).ConclusionThis post-hoc analysis suggests that brexpiprazole has long-term effectiveness on negative symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia and clinically relevant levels of negative symptoms.Funding Acknowledgements: The study was funded by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization Inc. and H. Lundbeck A/S

scholarly journals Did the introduction and increased prescribing of antidepressants lead to changes in long-term trends of suicide rates?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Amendola ◽  
Martin Plöderl ◽  
Michael P Hengartner
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Prescription Rates ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract Background Ecological studies have explored associations between suicide rates and antidepressant prescriptions in the population, but most of them are limited as they analyzed short-term correlations that may be spurious. The aim of this long-term study was to examine whether trends in suicide rates changed in three European countries when the first antidepressants were introduced in 1960 and when prescription rates increased steeply after 1990 with the introduction of the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Methods Data were extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. Suicide rates were calculated for people aged 10–89 years from 1951–2015 for Italy, 1955–2016 for Austria and 1951–2013 for Switzerland. Trends in suicide rates stratified by gender were analyzed using joinpoint regression models. Results There was a general pattern of long-term trends that was broadly consistent across all three countries. Suicide rates were stable or decreasing during the 1950s and 1960s, they rose during the 1970s, peaked in the early 1980s and thereafter they declined. There were a few notable exceptions to these general trends. In Italian men, suicide rates increased until 1997, then fell sharply until 2006 and increased again from 2006 to 2015. In women from all three countries, there was an extended period during the 2000s when suicide rates were stable. No trend changes occurred around 1960 or 1990. Conclusions The introduction of antidepressants around 1960 and the sharp increase in prescriptions after 1990 with the introduction of the SSRIs did not coincide with trend changes in suicide rates in Italy, Austria or Switzerland.

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