Some notes from the tall tree library

Scarification is widely conducted in northern Japan to remove understory dwarf bamboo species in degraded forests for replacement with tree species. To explore ways to enhance species diversity and restoration of mixed forest at the treated site, we clarified the mechanisms that lead to compositional heterogeneity of plant species. We evaluated the relative importance of environmental factors (scarification properties, soil properties, light conditions, litter cover, and presence of canopy trees) for the demography of tall tree species (emergence, mortality, and growth) and whole vegetation structure (species diversity and composition) over the two growing seasons immediately following scarification. Of tall tree species, Betula spp. were dominant (60% in total density), followed by Abies sachalinensis (Fr. Schm.) Masters, Acer mono Maxim., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Light intensity was an important factor, having mostly negative effects on the demography of these species. Soil factors (e.g., nitrogen content, moisture) affected the demography mainly of shade-intolerant or hygrophilous species. In general, extreme environmental conditions led to the dominance of grasses, forbs, and lianas rather than tall trees. Maintenance of canopy cover, which limits light and supplies seeds as well as litter, proved to be most important in promoting plant species diversification on the scarification site.

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Upper canopy pollinators of Eucryphia cordifolia Cav., a tree of South American temperate rain forest

Journal of Insect Biodiversity ◽

10.12976/jib/2016.4.9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (9) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cecilia Smith-Ramírez ◽

Paula Martínez ◽

Iván Díaz ◽

Marcelo Galaz ◽

Juan J. Armesto

Keyword(s):

Rain Forest ◽

Temperate Forest ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Forest Understory ◽

South American ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Flower Visitors ◽

Temperate Rain Forest ◽

Tall Tree ◽

Pollinator Assemblage

Ecological processes in the upper canopy of temperate forests have been seldom studied because of the limited accessibility. Here, we present the results of the first survey of the pollinator assemblage and the frequency of insect visits to flowers in the upper branches of ulmo, Eucryphia cordifolia Cav., an emergent 30-40 m-tall tree in rainforests of Chiloé Island, Chile. We compared these findings with a survey of flower visitors restricted to lower branches of E. cordifolia 1- in the forest understory, 2- in lower branches in an agroforestry area. We found 10 species of pollinators in canopy, and eight, 12 and 15 species in understory, depending of tree locations. The main pollinators of E. cordifolia in the upper canopy differed significantly from the pollinator assemblage recorded in lower tree branches. We conclude that the pollinator assemblages of the temperate forest canopy and interior are still unknown.

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Perimortem fractures in Lucy suggest mortality from fall out of tall tree

Nature ◽

10.1038/nature19332 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 537 (7621) ◽

pp. 503-507 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

John Kappelman ◽

Richard A. Ketcham ◽

Stephen Pearce ◽

Lawrence Todd ◽

Wiley Akins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tall Tree

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Experimental branch warming alters tall tree leaf phenology and acorn production

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology ◽

10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.04.001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 150 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1026-1029 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Masahiro Nakamura ◽

Onno Muller ◽

Shiori Tayanagi ◽

Tatsuro Nakaji ◽

Tsutom Hiura

Keyword(s):

Leaf Phenology ◽

Acorn Production ◽

Tall Tree ◽

Tree Leaf

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Relationships between shoot size and branching patterns in 10 broad-leaved tall tree species in a Japanese cool-temperate forest

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b06-138 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 84 (12) ◽

pp. 1894-1907 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Takanobu Yagi

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Lateral Spread ◽

Stem Length ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Branching Patterns ◽

Cool Temperate ◽

Tall Tree ◽

Architectural Development ◽

Short Shoots

Within-tree variations in branching patterns (the patterns of daughter shoot production by mother shoots) are the basis of tree architectural plasticity and, therefore, were studied in 10 cool-temperate broad-leaved tall tree species including three species with distinct short shoots. The relationships between mother shoot length versus branching patterns (i.e., the number and size of daughter shoots) were quantified for each species using regression equations. The number and stem length of daughter shoots were greater on longer mother shoots, although the majority of daughter shoots were short on mother shoots of any size. The magnitude of lateral spread of the mother shoot – daughter shoot system relative to that of its main axis extension increased with increasing mother shoot length, indicating weaker apical control on longer mother shoots. Among species, the lower limit of daughter shoot length was shorter and the frequency of short daughter shoots was greater on mother shoots of species with more distinct short shoots. This indicates that species with distinct short shoots effectively avoid branch overcrowding by minimizing daughter shoot extension. Differences in branching patterns among mother shoots of different sizes are discussed in relation to their functional importance for tree architectural development.

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A note from the Tall Tree Library

Imago Mundi ◽

10.1080/03085696208592212 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 160-160

Author(s):

George H. Beans

Keyword(s):

Tall Tree

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First Report of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting California Red Fir in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-9-1170b ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (9) ◽

pp. 1170-1170 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. A. Chastagner ◽

K. L. Riley

Keyword(s):

Shoot Elongation ◽

Phytophthora Ramorum ◽

Fluorescent Light ◽

Average Height ◽

Tree Plantation ◽

Usda Forest Service ◽

Washington State University ◽

Successful Isolation ◽

Tall Tree ◽

Plastic Bag

In May 2005, branches originating from five separate whorls below the terminal on a single California red fir (Abies magnifica) in a mixed grand fir (Abies grandis) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Christmas tree plantation near Los Gatos, CA displayed wilting and dieback of new shoot growth. Brown dieback, delineated by needle loss, extended 6 to 8 cm into 1-year-old and sometimes 2-year-old growth. The ~7-year-old, 1-m tall tree was located near the edge of the plantation, beneath an overstory of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) trees that were infected with Phytophthora ramorum. Isolations from dieback margins onto corn meal agar amended with ampicillin, rifamycin, and pimaricin (CARP) yielded hyphae and large, dark brown chlamydospores that were morphologically consistent with P. ramorum (1). Microsatellite analysis confirmed that isolates were of the NA1 lineage of P. ramorum. Isolates were deposited in the Washington State University Puyallup Phytophthora Master Collection. Dormant bareroot California red fir seedlings were obtained from the USDA Forest Service Placerville Nursery (Camino, CA) in February 2006 and planted in SC-10 super cell cones (Stuewe & Sons, Inc., Tangent, OR) in a standard greenhouse potting mix. Seedlings (average height 11 cm) were then forced to initiate bud break and new shoot elongation (0.5 to 1.5 cm) in a greenhouse at 21°C. Eight unwounded seedlings were inoculated with a zoospore suspension (4.185 × 105 zoospores/ml of sterile water) produced from 3- to 4-week-old V8 juice agar cultures of isolate WSU#106-0021 using an artist's airbrush powered by Badger Propel canned propellant. Eight control seedlings were sprayed with water alone. Seedlings were placed in plastic tubs with ~2.5 cm of warm water in the bottom to provide humidity. A plastic bag supported by a wire frame was used to cover each tub. Tubs were placed in a biocontainment unit at 15 to 16°C under 24 h of fluorescent light. The plastic was removed after 5 days and seedlings were left under the same conditions. Seven days after inoculation, 25 to 100% (average 68%) of the new shoots on each of the eight inoculated seedlings were wilted and 100% of these seedlings exhibited dark brown dieback into the 1-year-old stems (range of 1.0 to 2.3 cm, average 1.6 cm). Tissues from shoots and dieback edges were plated onto CARP media. All of these attempts resulted in successful isolation of P. ramorum, and cultures exhibited the same hyphal morphology and chlamydospore characteristics when compared with the isolate tested. Control plants did not develop symptoms. This trial completes Koch's postulates to establish California red fir as a host of Phytophthora ramorum. To our knowledge, this site contains the only reported infection of California red fir by P. ramorum. The potential for infection within its native range is unknown. Reference: (1) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1155, 2001.

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