Gazprom’s Nord Stream 2 and diffuse authority in the EU: managing authority challenges regarding Russian gas supplies through the Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Schmidt-Felzmann
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Strategies for Protection of Wooden Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Baltic Sea Against Marine Borers. The EU Project ‘WreckProtect’

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 201-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Gjelstrup Björdal ◽  
David Gregory ◽  
Martijn Manders ◽  
Zyad Al-Hamdani ◽  
Christin Appelqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Underwater Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Eu Project ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Impact of the new European Union landfill directive on the Baltic Sea region

2019 ◽  
pp. 393-404
Author(s):  
Bertil Paulsson ◽  
William Hogland
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

The Baltic Sea region with population exceeding 100 million which in the future will constitute about one quarter of the population in the European Union if Estonia, Latvia Lithuania and Poland are accepted as members. These countries in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region are foreseen a rapid economic and technical development. Technologies and industries from different parts of the world are invading and the generation of waste will probably increase drastically if measures for avoidance are not taken.Applying the EU Directive 75/442 EEC on waste, witch current amendments, on the presumptive new members will imply drastic changes for the countries concerned, environmentally as well as economically. In addition an EU Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfilling of waste is decided April 26 1999. The new Directive indicates a substantial reduction of the amount of waste ending up at landfill sites. Member countries of the union have started to prepare them selves for the new situation. Countries interested in becoming members might however not be aware of the cost of the new requirements. Investigations of the situation in these countries indicates that upgrading of their waste management to EU standard will require huge economic resources. Implementation of a new landfill system and development of close down programme for existing old dumps including post closure environmental control will demand economic resources and import of technology and technical education. According to the landfill Directive as little landfilling as possible should be carried out which means that the waste must be handled with other methods that are not commonly used in all countries. Those new technologies will probably to high extent be imported from the EU - countries rather then developed and manufactured locally. The new technologies introduced must be adopted to the local situation.

scholarly journals THE RUSSIAN OIL EXPORTS VIA THE BALTIC SEA - DO OIL SHIPMENTS THROUGH THE EU'S INNER SEA BRING RUSSIA CLOSER TO THE EU OR BRING THEM APART?

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
Kari Liuhto
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

The paper deals with Russian oil exports policy. Russia's oil reserves, oil production and main export routs have been scrutinized and evaluated.

scholarly journals When Soft Spaces Harden: The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Metzger ◽  
Peter Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Appropriate Scale and Level in Marine Spatial Planning – Management Perspectives in the Baltic Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aron Westholm
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Marine Spatial Planning ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Transboundary Cooperation ◽  
Maritime Spatial Planning ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

The ecosystem approach has become a common tool in environmental governance over the last decade. Within the EU context this is most clearly accentuated through the adoption of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Directive on Maritime Spatial Planning, that both include requirements for member states to apply the approach. This paper examines how the EU countries in the Baltic Sea Regionhave organised their marine spatial planning (MSP) in terms management levels and geographic delimitations. The examination shows that there is no consistent interpretation of what the appropriate level of management, or ecosystem scale, is. These findings are used to inform a discussion on how the ecosystem approach has been applied in the countries around the Baltic Sea, and how this may affect thepotential of transboundary cooperation initiatives.

Sweden and the Baltic Sea Region

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
European Level ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Eu

Swedish policy towards the Baltic Sea region in the post-Cold-War period reflects an internationalist approach aimed at institutionalizing regional cooperative mechanisms, along with a generic interest in managing relations with Russia. The Baltic region is of significant strategic interest to Sweden. From a strategic foreign policy perspective, the institutions-based approach to regional cooperation can be viewed as a formula for Sweden to multilateralize relations with Russia while simultaneously reaping economic and security benefits that stem from regional and European-level interdependencies. The roles that follow from this approach—as regional integrator and as normative critic of Russia—are increasingly enacted through European channels, primarily the EU.

More sanctions support US interests but not activity

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
The Baltic

Subject US sanctions. Significance The US government views the new Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, running from Russia to Germany under the Baltic Sea, as increasing European dependence on Russian fuels when the Russian government is reasserting its influence in Eastern and Central Europe. The US administration has imposed extraterritorial sanctions against corporations constructing the pipeline. This may simply be a tactic to encourage more European purchases of US natural gas, but it is also consistent with the US administration’s mercantilist attitude towards trade. Impacts Nord Stream 2 sanctions will hurt some European firms, akin to the effect of US sanctions against European firms still operating in Iran. No evidence shows that the US policy is improving firms’ sales, which may discourage firms from currying favour with the administration. The US corruption probe into Airbus may boost Boeing and Lockheed Martin in the US market and make it harder for China’s COMAC to enter.

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