More sanctions support US interests but not activity

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
The Baltic

Subject US sanctions. Significance The US government views the new Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, running from Russia to Germany under the Baltic Sea, as increasing European dependence on Russian fuels when the Russian government is reasserting its influence in Eastern and Central Europe. The US administration has imposed extraterritorial sanctions against corporations constructing the pipeline. This may simply be a tactic to encourage more European purchases of US natural gas, but it is also consistent with the US administration’s mercantilist attitude towards trade. Impacts Nord Stream 2 sanctions will hurt some European firms, akin to the effect of US sanctions against European firms still operating in Iran. No evidence shows that the US policy is improving firms’ sales, which may discourage firms from currying favour with the administration. The US corruption probe into Airbus may boost Boeing and Lockheed Martin in the US market and make it harder for China’s COMAC to enter.

scholarly journals Investigation of Effect on Environmental Performance of Using LNG as Fuel for Engines in Seaport Tugboats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Sergejus Lebedevas ◽  
Lukas Norkevičius ◽  
Peilin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
The Baltic

Decarbonization of ship power plants and reduction of harmful emissions has become a priority in the technological development of maritime transport, including ships operating in seaports. Engines fueled by diesel without using secondary emission reduction technologies cannot meet MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The MEPC.203 (62) EEDI directive of the IMO also stipulates a standard for CO2 emissions. This study presents the results of research on ecological parameters when a CAT 3516C diesel engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-liquefied natural gas) powered Wartsila 9L20DF engine on an existing seaport tugboat. CO2, SO2 and NOx emission reductions were estimated using data from the actual engine load cycle, the fuel consumption of the KLASCO-3 tugboat, and engine-prototype experimental data. Emission analysis was performed to verify the efficiency of the dual-fuel engine in reducing CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions of seaport tugboats. The study found that replacing a diesel engine with a dual-fuel-powered engine led to a reduction in annual emissions of 10% for CO2, 91% for SO2, and 65% for NOx. Based on today’s fuel price market data an economic impact assessment was conducted based on the estimated annual fuel consumption of the existing KLASCO-3 seaport tugboat when a diesel-powered engine is replaced by a dual-fuel (diesel-natural gas)-powered engine. The study showed that a 33% fuel costs savings can be achieved each year. Based on the approved methodology, an ecological impact assessment was conducted for the entire fleet of tugboats operating in the Baltic Sea ports if the fuel type was changed from diesel to natural gas. The results of the assessment showed that replacing diesel fuel with natural gas achieved 78% environmental impact in terms of NOx emissions according to MARPOL 73/78 Tier III regulations. The research concludes that new-generation engines on the market powered by environmentally friendly fuels such as LNG can modernise a large number of existing seaport tugboats, significantly reducing their emissions in ECA regions such as the Baltic Sea.

June summits signal progress on EU-US trade ties

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Taxation ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Security Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transatlantic Cooperation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Sides

Significance The two sides have suspended tariffs arising from their dispute over subsidies to Airbus and Boeing, are working on an international deal on corporate taxation and have established a high-level council to discuss issues at the nexus of security, technology and trade. Impacts A major aim of closer transatlantic cooperation is better coordination of policies with respect to China. Closer transatlantic cooperation over China might soften US opposition to the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. It will be difficult for the US government to pass legislation concerning trade given the Democrats' precarious majority in both houses.

scholarly journals Poland and New Trends in Central European Regional Configuration

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Maria Rusakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Central European ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
European Regional

The article examines Warsaw's attempts to expand its influence in Central Europe by initiating various regional integration projects: cooperation with the Baltic sea countries participation in the development of the Carpathian region the newest format – the Lublin Triangle. The content of the Lublin Declaration signed on July 28, 2020 by Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine is analyzed in detail. Having been convinced by the example of Ukraine that the Eastern Partnership policy does not allow for quick results, as well as in connection with the events in Belarus, Poland decided to create a regional initiative that can be considered as a continuation of the Eastern Partnership policy. The Lublin Declaration opens up a wide range of potential areas of cooperation, however it is still too early to say how successful this project will be. Initially it was planned that Belarus would also join the Lublin Initiative, but later Minsk refused to participate. This seriously limited the project, but does not exclude the possibility of future innovations in its format. The author concludes that the Lublin Triangle is one of the Warsaw's instruments to realize the idea of Intermarium

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Paracoccus sp. Strain 228, Isolated from Surface Water of the Gulf of Gdańsk in the Baltic Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (29) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Karczewska-Golec ◽  
Maja Kochanowska-Łyżen ◽  
Magdalena Bałut ◽  
Arkadiusz Piotrowski ◽  
Piotr Golec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Gulf Of Gdańsk ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gulf Of Gdansk ◽  
The Baltic

We present here the draft genome sequence of Paracoccus sp. strain 228, isolated from the Gulf of Gdańsk in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. The assembly contains 4,131,609 bp in 32 scaffolds.

Russian A2/AD systems will undermine NATO credibility

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Baltic

Significance The emergence of Russian A2/AD zones in the High North, the Baltic Sea, the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea impacts NATO's ability to operate in key regions of interest to the alliance, and could threaten NATO's ability to reinforce its allies in a crisis or during wartime. Impacts Russian A2/AD will drive NATO requirements for specific capabilities, including electronic warfare and stealthier systems. Georgia and Moldova will watch NATO's engagement with its eastern members closely for strong commitments. Covert Russian operations in the Baltic states form a more realistic scenario than overt military intervention.

NATO Baltic exercises will prompt risky behaviour

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Risky Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Baltic

Significance BALTOPS 16 will be the largest NATO maritime exercise in the Baltic Sea in recent years. The exercise is also held mere weeks before NATO's July 8-9 summit in Warsaw, and therefore serves as a tangible prelude to the alliance's intent to address renewed Russian security challenges in the region. Impacts Improvements in Western missile defence systems will make it more difficult politically to undergo arms control cooperation with Moscow. Poland's military modernisation programme will boost its ability to be a security partner of the Baltic states. Washington is unlikely to approve a permanent US military presence in the Baltic states in the near-to-medium term.

Shipping sulphur regulation, freight transportation prices and diesel markets in the Baltic Sea region

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Transportation Mode ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Regulation Change ◽  
The Baltic

Purpose – Purpose of this research is to shed light on the changes caused by shipping sulphur regulation, which will globally take off during years 2015 and 2020. It has significant effects on diesel markets globally, but especially in regions, where demanding 0.1 per cent level is required. One of these regions is the Baltic Sea. It is relatively undealt issue, how this forthcoming change will affect these specific sub-regions of stiff 0.1 per cent sulphur level demand and their transportation modes with different tax obligations. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use second-hand data from various different sources, earlier research as well as simulation to estimate the effects on the diesel markets and transportation prices in the Baltic Sea region. Different transportation modes have diverging taxation treatment on diesel oil use, which complicates analysis further. Findings – Based on research findings, it is rather probable that diesel markets for sulphur-free diesel oil shall face price spike in the beginning of 2015 in the Baltic Sea region. This is mostly explained with needed large-scale scrubber investment and short-time span to complete these (there are both technical and financial challenges). Therefore, numerous ships shall enter sulphur-free diesel oil market. Based on the simulation study, freight transportation will mostly be hurt in shipping, whereas road and rail shall face smaller price increases. Results are mostly explained with taxation treatment, where shipping is still using tax-free diesel oil, and no fixed taxes are hedging this transportation mode from sudden price changes. Research limitations/implications – Analysis concerns only Baltic Sea region, and effects and changes in the entire Europe from sulphur regulation change in 2015 are unknown. This would mean to extent study to North Sea. In addition, taxation system harmonization is not yet complete in Europe, and differences exist between member states. Research work was completed with diesel oil tax treatment regarding different transportation modes in Finland. Practical implications – Based on this study, short sea shipping will be hurt by regulation change in 2015. However, in the future, this transportation mode shall face additional cost increases, as most probably, tax harmonization in diesel markets shall lead to fixed taxes added on shipping diesel. So, transportation mode shall face difficult and challenging times ahead. Originality/value – Research is seminal study from possible sulphur regulation change implications in transportation mode level. It takes into account taxation treatment, cost share of diesel in transportation mode level and possible diesel price change. Until today, no other study exists in this detailed level.

Russia's Baltic Sea build-up will challenge NATO

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Close Encounters ◽  
The Baltic

Significance The Baltic Sea and its airspace brings NATO and Russian forces into direct contact, and frictions have increased since 2014, with a series of dangerously close encounters between aircraft and vessels. NATO wishes to reassure member states and bolster defence and deterrence in the Baltic region. Russia argues that it is being encircled and is developing a network of anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) weapons systems to deter NATO maritime and air forces during a crisis or war. Impacts Aggressive Russian tactics will not stop NATO naval and air forces operating in international waters and in the Baltic states. NATO exercises are likely to intensify, with a special emphasis on long-range strike, anti-submarine and electronic warfare. Amphibious landings to reinforce the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian armies will be tested. NATO members and partners will consider acquiring submarines, sea-based air defence systems and anti-submarine capabilities.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Desulfosporosinus fructosivorans Strain 63.6FT, Isolated from Marine Sediment in the Baltic Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bela Hausmann ◽  
Verona Vandieken ◽  
Petra Pjevac ◽  
Katharina Schreck ◽  
Craig W. Herbold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Marine Sediment ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
The Baltic

Desulfosporosinus fructosivorans strain 63.6FT is a strictly anaerobic, spore-forming, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from marine sediment in the Baltic Sea. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of D. fructosivorans 63.6FT.

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