Generally, the diffractive waveguide combiner and computer-generated hologram (CGH) technique have the potential to achieve compact head-mounted display (HMD) with a natural 3D display function. However, the diffractive waveguide combiner will degrade the image quality because of aberration. In order to resolve this issue, the complex analysis based on the ray-tracing method is necessary. Since the major aberration of the waveguide combiners is only astigmatism and anamorphic distortion, only these two aberrations were discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two common waveguide structures were discussed here. In total, four formulas were summarized to analyze aberration and anamorphic distortion in these two structures. Finally, the simplified formulas were verified with the commercial ray-tracing software Zemax. The calculated results of the proposed method match the simulation of Zemax software well. Therefore, the aberration of an arbitrary similar diffractive waveguide can be analyzed by the proposed method. This will make the designing process simpler and faster.
An Efficient 3-D Ray Tracing Method: Prediction of Indoor Radio Propagation at 28 GHz in 5G Network