The Genesis of the Internal Convictions of a Law Enforcement Officer in the Process of Interpreting the Norms of Law

The article describes the forms of objectification of language in law. Language is considered by the author not just as a way of communicating legal information, but as a mediator of the meaning of law. The role of legal definitions in legal operations is characterized. The language correlates with the spheres of the spirit of law and the legal process. Language is an important nation-forming factor. It is not limited to providing communication between subjects using verbal and non-verbal means. In the legal sphere, the word carries the spirit of law, for it is the embodiment of this spirit. Receiving a linguistic expression, the spirit of law is objectified. At the same time, the legal literature presents a limited view on the functions of language in law. As a rule, they include display function(expression of the will of the legislator outside) and communicative one (bringing this will to the attention of participants in public relations). At the same time, the most important functions of language in law are ignored: system-preserving, meaning-forming and spiritual. At the same time, the author warns against the absolutization of linguistic means in law.

Simplified Aberration Analysis Method of Holographic Waveguide Combiner

Generally, the diffractive waveguide combiner and computer-generated hologram (CGH) technique have the potential to achieve compact head-mounted display (HMD) with a natural 3D display function. However, the diffractive waveguide combiner will degrade the image quality because of aberration. In order to resolve this issue, the complex analysis based on the ray-tracing method is necessary. Since the major aberration of the waveguide combiners is only astigmatism and anamorphic distortion, only these two aberrations were discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two common waveguide structures were discussed here. In total, four formulas were summarized to analyze aberration and anamorphic distortion in these two structures. Finally, the simplified formulas were verified with the commercial ray-tracing software Zemax. The calculated results of the proposed method match the simulation of Zemax software well. Therefore, the aberration of an arbitrary similar diffractive waveguide can be analyzed by the proposed method. This will make the designing process simpler and faster.

The Effect of Operating Temperature on the Response Time of Optically Driven Liquid Crystal Displays

Optically driven liquid crystal displays (ODLCDs) realizes their display function by tuning the easy axis of liquid crystal (LC) molecules under polarized blue light, which has been utilized in some optical devices due to its advantages of ultra-low power consumption. However, a big issue arises in response time, i.e., the rewriting time of the ODLCD. The rewriting time of ODLCD samples was studied. Rotational viscosity plays a very important role for decreasing the rewriting time of the ODLCD. The operating temperature was changed from room temperature to nearly clearing point, the rewriting time decreased a lot as the rotational viscosity decreased for the five different kinds of the LCs. The rewriting time can be decreased from 5.2 s to 0.2 s around 25 times for the LC N4.

Design, simulation and implementation of an Arduino microcontroller based automatic water level controller with I2C LCD display

<span>The paper explains utilization of Arduino Microcontroller to automatically control level of water in a tank. From a well spelt out algorithms, flowchart was drawn, from which Codes were written and compiled on Arduino IDE. IF statements were copiously used. Proteus was used to simulate the design while the project was implemented on breadboard. Liquid Crystal Display function displays the level of water on the 16 × 2 LCD thus: Very Low, Low, High and Very High. An option of I2C LCD codes was written thus providing advantage of using only two analog input A4 and A5 pins instead of 4 to 8 pins in other configurations thereby allowing other pins dedicated for other tasks. The design recommends improvements in the area of sump control so that its low water level could disable pump thus preventing it from running dry. Protection devices like circuit breaker overload and phase failure relays are recommended in order to prolong the life of the Water pump. It is believed that the design will go in long way in educating power electronic engineers in the arts of design using Arduino; also, a mass production of the device will accentuate Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs in developing countries with its concomitant economic advantages.</span>

A Low-Cost Surge Current Detection Sensor with Predictive Lifetime Display Function for Maintenance of Surge Protective Devices

In this study, a low-cost surge current detection sensor (SCDS) that can measure high current surges using a low-current toroidal coil is proposed for maintenance of a surge protective device (SPD). The proposed SCDS is designed to display the predicted lifetime of the SPD based on the magnitude of surge current and number of surges. In addition, a method for measuring high surge current using a toroidal coil that can usually measure only low current is proposed. A lightning strike counter consists of a microcontroller with a low-power liquid crystal display (LCD) driver, 3 VDC lithium battery, and signal conditioning circuit that converts amplitude information of the surge current into duration information of a negative pulse to facilitate processing in the microcontroller. In this paper, we propose a software algorithm that can calculate the remaining lifetime of SPD based on the amplitude and number of surge currents. There is also an option to select the capacity of the surge protective device and the number of phase lines, allowing it to assess the predicted lifetime for various types of Class II SPDs. The proposed SCDS is measured as 7.2 μA from the battery power consumption test, and the service life is calculated to be 11.1 years. It meets the International Standard IEC62561-6 test conditions of the lightning strike counter and is expected to be useful in the maintenance of SPDs and lightning protection systems.

Ancestral duplicated DL/CRC orthologs display function on orchid reproductive organ innovation

ABSTRACTThe orchid flower is renowned for complexity of flower organ morphogenesis and has attracted great interest from scientists. The YABBY genes encode plant-specific transcription factors with important roles in vegetative and reproductive development in seed plants. DROOPING LEAF/CRABS CLAW (DL/CRC) orthologs are involved in reproductive organ development (especially carpels) of angiosperms. Orchid gynostemium (the fused organ of the androecium and gynoecium) and ovule development are unique developmental processes. Understanding the DL/CRC-like genes controlling the developmental program of the gynostemium and ovule could provide accessible information for reproductive organ molecular regulation in orchids. Two DL/CRC-like genes, named PeDL1 and PeDL2, were cloned from Phalaenopsis equestris. The orchid DL/CRC forms a monophyletic clade with two subclades including AshDL, PeDL1 and DcaDL1 in subclade I, and PeDL2 and DcaDL2 in subclade II. The temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated PeDL genes are specifically expressed in the gynostemium and at the early stages of ovule development. Both PeDLs could partially complement an Arabidopsis crc-1 mutant. Transient overexpression of PeDL1 in Phalaenopsis orchids caused abnormal development of ovule and stigmatic cavity of gynostemium. PeDL1, instead of PeDL2, could form a heterodimer with PeCIN8. Paralogue retention and subsequent divergence of the gene sequence of PeDL1 and PeDL2 in P. equestris might result in the differentiation of function and protein behaviors. These results reveal the important roles of PeDLs involved in orchid gynostemium and ovule development and provide new insights for further understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying orchid reproductive organ development.

Reply Speed as Nonverbal Cue in Text Messaging with a Read Receipt Display Function

In text messaging via mobile devices, many users face pressure to rapidly exchange messages. This study investigates reply speeds in smartphone messaging, focusing on messaging with a read receipt function, which notifies the sender of whether the recipient has read a sent message. Using a questionnaire targeting 213 female college students in Japan, we investigate the time until negative emotions (sadness, anxiety, anger and guilt) which occur while waiting for a reply. The authors also address factors of messaging dependency, and find that negative emotions arise in significantly less time when waiting for a reply to a read message than an unread one. Further, most negative emotions occur significantly earlier in high-dependency groups than in low-dependency groups when waiting for a reply in either status. These effects differed in part depending on the type of emotion and recipient. The authors discuss these findings in the context of reply speed as a nonverbal cue.

WRITING BEFORE INSCRIBING: ON THE USE OF MANUSCRIPTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF WESTERN ZHOU BRONZE INSCRIPTIONS

While research on Warring States, Qin, and Han manuscripts is flourishing, much less is known about the use of manuscripts during the earlier stages of Chinese history, for which material evidence has not been preserved. Based on the layout features and textual anomalies in the Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, this article explores the traces of use of perishable writing supports in the process of the production of bronze inscriptions in this period and reconstructs their functions and physical qualities. Based on the surveyed evidence, the article posits that two distinct exemplar manuscripts were used in the inscription-making process: an original “master copy” that was kept aside for proofreading purposes and a secondary “blueprint” that was employed directly in the technical process of inscription-making. A single blueprint would be used consecutively by several craftsmen to produce a set of inscriptions on different types of vessels. The word count and layout of many inscriptions were already carefully planned during the process of their composition, and any study of a bronze text should therefore begin with the evaluation of its visual qualities. Moreover, this probe provides unambiguous evidence for the use of tube-lining in the inscription-making process and reconstructs the complete chaîne opératoire of bronze inscription production in the Late Western Zhou period. The article also offers insights into the level of literacy and the division of labor in bronze workshops, and touches upon the display function of bronze epigraphy during the Western Zhou period.

Simple generator of Jupyter Notebook interactive documents from marked up Python programming code

Jupyter Notebook is widely used for interactive computing in various fields of science and technology. As a rule, Jupyter Notebook documents are created directly in the browser, but it is possible to generate them by software, for example, from Python code that contains Python string literals with Markdown code. Generation from Python code allows you to save documents in an easy-to-edit text format. In addition, in some cases, this Python code can be executed by a standard Python interpreter without having a Jupyter Notebook installed. This provides format flexibility. Currently, there are several tools for converting Python code to a Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb) document. Their disadvantage is either support for old formats or an inconvenient way to mark up cells in a Jupyter Notebook document. The principles of function are described and the Python program is developed for generating interactive Jupyter Notebook documents (.ipynb v4) from the simple marked Python code. The program has the ability to further convert .ipynb to HTML and docx formats. The program can be used to facilitate the creation and editing of documents based on Jupyter Notebook. In comparison with analogues, the program has a simple and clear algorithm based on regular expressions, which allows its simple modification for other tasks. An additional advantage is the simple way of marking Python code on cells, which consists in placing Markdown text blocks in multiline Python literals in quotes and separating code blocks by using ## symbols. An example of creating Python code is provided, which contains a Markdown block with such features as formatting with various fonts, hyperlinks, pictures, program code blocks, LaTeX formulas and tables; a block of code for building interactive graphics using Python libraries Matplotlib and ipywidgets; a block of code that outputs unformatted text and interpretation results of HTML, Markdown, SVG code by the display function from the IPython.display module. An example of converting this code to Jupyter Notebook (including interactive), Markdown, HTML and docx formats is shown.

Quality Control of Display Devices for Medical Radiodiagnosis Employing the Standard TG18, GSDF and JND

Introduction: This work presents a study on the procedures for evaluating the quality of imaging display devices in radiology, considering the characteristic luminance curve obtained experimentally versus the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and the lifetime of digital display devices. Materials & Methods: The evaluations were done using image patterns published by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine on Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) and the Grayscale Standard Display Function (GSDF), viewed in DICOM software, with various shades of gray. A digital luximeter was used as the luminance meter. A correlation with the time of use of the devices was performed to classify the digital devices as primary (suitable for medical diagnosis) or secondary (suitable only for visualization of medical images). Results & Discussion: Among the monitors evaluated, those with a resolution between 2 and 5 megapixels were classified as primary for up to 50, 000 hours of use, and some above that time limit present behavior equivalent to secondary monitors. Monitoring the temporal evolution of the use of devices is important to avoid errors in medical diagnosis. Conclusion: The use of a calibrated digital luximeter with an illuminance unit conversion factor in luminance defined by this equipment was shown to be an alternative to replace a photometer when this latter is not available.