Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: from first- and second-order to third-order change?

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 649-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Michael Hall
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Policy Learning ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Policy Failure ◽  
Order Change ◽  
Tourism Governance

Bulk Contributions Modulate the Sum-Frequency Generation Spectra of Interfacial Water on Model Sea-Spray Aerosols

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep K. Reddy ◽  
Raphael Thiraux ◽  
Bethany A. Wellen Rudd ◽  
Lu Lin ◽  
Tehseen Adel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Sum Frequency Generation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Interfacial Structure ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Sum Frequency ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Frequency Generation

Vibrational sum-frequency generation (vSFG) spectroscopy is used to determine the molecular structure of water at the interface of palmitic acid monolayers. Both measured and calculated spectra display speci c features due to third-order contributions to the vSFG response which are associated with nite interfacial electric potentials. We demonstrate that theoretical modeling enables to separate the third-order contributions, thus allowing for a systematic analysis of the strictly surface-sensitive, second-order component of the vSFG response. This study provides fundamental, molecular-level insights into the interfacial structure of water in a neutral surfactant system with relevance to single layer bio-membranes and environmentally relevant sea-spray aerosols. These results emphasize the key role that computer simulations can play in interpreting vSFG spectra and revealing microscopic details of water at complex interfaces, which can be difficult to extract from experiments due to the mixing of second-order, surface-sensitive and third-order, bulk-dependent contributions to the vSFG response.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE: THE NEED FOR SECOND-ORDER CHANGE

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARD A. JASON ◽  
BRADLEY D. OLSON ◽  
JOSEPH R. FERRARI ◽  
MARGARET I. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Change ◽  
Second Order Change

Evidence for general base catalysis by protic solvents in a kinetic study of alcoholyses and hydrolyses of 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)pyridinium ions under both solvolytic and non-solvolytic conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Kevill ◽  
Byoung-Chun Park ◽  
Jin Burm Kyong
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Base Catalysis ◽  
Substitution Reactions ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Methoxy Derivative ◽  
First Order ◽  
General Base ◽  
Protic Solvents ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Pyridinium Ions

The kinetics of nucleophilic substitution reactions of 1-(phenoxycarbonyl)pyridinium ions, prepared with the essentially non-nucleophilic/non-basic fluoroborate as the counterion, have been studied using up to 1.60 M methanol in acetonitrile as solvent and under solvolytic conditions in 2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-ol (TFE) and its mixtures with water. Under the non- solvolytic conditions, the parent and three pyridine-ring-substituted derivatives were studied. Both second-order (first-order in methanol) and third-order (second-order in methanol) kinetic contributions were observed. In the solvolysis studies, since solvent ionizing power values were almost constant over the range of aqueous TFE studied, a Grunwald–Winstein equation treatment of the specific rates of solvolysis for the parent and the 4-methoxy derivative could be carried out in terms of variations in solvent nucleophilicity, and an appreciable sensitivity to changes in solvent nucleophilicity was found.

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