The Smart System 1: evidence for the intuitive nature of correct responding on the bat-and-ball problem

To facilitate our interactions with the surroundings, the human brain sometimes reshapes the situations that it faces in order to simplify them. This phenomenon has been widely studied in the context of reasoning, especially through the attribute substitution error. It has however been given much less attention in the field of perception. Recent research on the bat-and-ball problem suggests that reasoners are able to intuitively detect attribute substitution errors. Using a perceptual illusion drawn from the field of magic, we investigate the extent to which a perceptual form of attribute substitution depends on executive resources and can be detected. We also investigate the relationship between susceptibility to attribute substitution error in the flushtration count illusion and in a French adaptation of the bat-and ball problem. Finally, we investigate the link between the intuitive cognitive style (assessed by the Cognitive Reflection Test) and the susceptibility to the flushtration count illusion. Our results suggest that participants do not detect perceptual attribute substitution error, that this phenomenon could be independent of the executive resources allocated to the task, and could rest on mechanisms distinct from those that produce errors in reasoning. We discuss differences between these two phenomena, and factors that may explain them.

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Numerals as triggers of System 1 and System 2 in the ‘bat and ball’ problem

Mind & Society ◽

10.1007/s11299-014-0138-8 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 135-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Antonio Mastrogiorgio ◽

Enrico Petracca

Keyword(s):

System 2 ◽

Ball Problem ◽

System 1

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Studies of Vegetative Plant Tissue Compatibility/Incompatibility: The Role of Acid Phosphatase in Lethal Cell Senescence in an Incompatible Heterograft

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s1431927600002336 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 530-531

Author(s):

Randy Moore

Keyword(s):

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Thick Layer ◽

Cell Necrosis ◽

Enzyme Localization ◽

Vegetative Plant ◽

Cell Autolysis ◽

Graft Interface ◽

System 1 ◽

Thin Fibril

Previous work has indicated that the graft incompatihility between Sedrmi telephoides and Solanum pennellil involves cell necrosis that results In a thick layer of collapsed cells at the graft Interface. This necrotic layer insulates the stock from the scion, which results in abscission of the Sedum scion after 4-6 weeks due to desiccation and starvation. Thus, cell autolysis (which is restricted to Sedum) characterizes the Incompatibility response in this system (1). In order to elucidate the events that lead to cell autolysis, and thus better understand the cellular site and mode of action of cellular incompatibility, the appearance and fate of the hydrolytlc enzyme acid phosphatase (AP) was followed in both the compatible Sedum autograft and the incompatible Sedum/Solanum heterograft. Acid phosphatase was localized by a modified Gomori-type reaction; positive (i.e., including NaF inhibitor) and negative (lacking substrate) controls showed no enzymatic precipitate. Following an initial association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and dictyosomes at 6-10 hours after grafting, AP activity in the compatible Sedum autograft is associated primarily with the plasmalemma (Fig. 1). By 18-24 hours after grafting, the AP activity is restricted to the tono-plast and vacuole (Fig. 2). This strict compartmentation and absence of enzyme from the cytosol is maintained throughout the development of the compatible graft. While AP activity in the incompatible Sedum/Solanum heterograft is Initially similar to the compatible Sedum autograft (i.e., initially found on the ER and dictyosomes), there is a marked difference in enzyme localization in the two graft partners as the incompatibility response develops. As in the compatible autograft, Solanum cells at the graft interface show an Increase in AP activity that Is restricted to the vacuole and tonoplast, with little or no enzyme activity in the cytosol (Fig. 3). In comparable Sedum cells, however, there is a dramatic Increase In AP activity in the cytosol (Fig. h); this cytosollc AP activity is associated with thin fibril-like structures (Fig. 5) measuring approximately 60 A in diameter. This high cytoplasmic AP activity In Sedum cells results in cell autolysis, death, and eventual cell collapse to form the characteristic necrotic layer separating the two graft partners.

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Literature Survey: A Design Approach to Smart System based on Internet of Thing (IoT) for Intelligent Transportation

10.24001/icsesd2017.49 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sunilkumar.N. Palod ◽

Dr. P.S. Sharma ◽

Dr. S.L. Badjate

Keyword(s):

Intelligent Transportation ◽

Literature Survey ◽

Design Approach ◽

Smart System ◽

Internet Of Thing

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On the Classification of TI-RADS and Stratification of Signs of Thyroid Cancer According to Ultrasound Data

Medical Visualization ◽

10.24835/1607-0763-2017-5-29-38 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 29-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. P. Fisenko ◽

J. P. Sich ◽

N. N. Vetsheva

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Thyroid Ultrasound ◽

High Reproducibility ◽

System 1

Objective:a comparative “blind” assessment of the thyroid nodules identified by ultrasound, according to the TI-RADS scale in various modifications.Materials and methods.Retrospective analysis of 149 echograms of thyroid nodules by three independent experts was performed (the experience of ultrasound of thyroid ultrasound for more than 7 years).Results. In solid nodules, high-specific large (more than 94%) and small (more than 90%) ultrasound signs of thyroid cancer have been identified. The nodes are stratified according to the TI-RADS system: 1 – in the modification J.Y. Kwak et al. (2011), 2 – according to the proposed system, taking into account small ultrasound signs of thyroid cancer. High reproducibility of both systems are obtained. In the first system 13.7% of cancer nodes fell into the category of TI- RADS 3 (benign formations), in the second system only 5% of cancers fell into the category of TI-RADS 3, which is important for biopsy selection. The sensitivity of the first system was TI-RADS 82.05%, of the second system – 94.87%.Conclusions.Classification of TI-RADS can be used to interpret the ultrasound results of thyroid nodules, taking into account both the main large and small ultrasound signs of cancer. For its validation in our country, it is necessary to further broad discussion of the proposed TI-RADS system.

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