Straddling over a millennium of theological work, these essays explore the beginnings of Scottish theology from the time of the Columban church through monasticism to the era of medieval scholasticism, and then from the Reformation (1560) to later traditions of Reformed orthodoxy until c.1700. Well-known figures including Scotus, Richard of St Victor, John Mair, John Knox, Andrew Melville, Samuel Rutherford, and Henry Scougall are explored, while attention is also devoted to the ways in which Scottish theology was connected to philosophy, law, politics, church life, and patterns of spirituality. The period under review includes the foundation of five Scottish universities in St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen (King’s and Marischal), and Edinburgh. The influence of Reformed confessions, particularly the Westminster Confession (1646), is treated in several essays both as a standard of uniformity and a source of controversy. Throughout the volume, the multiple connections with Europe and other parts of the British Isles are evident through exile, dispersion, international debates, and institutional links.