Switzerland: Formalizing Banking Supervision in the Aftermath of a Crisis, Better Late Than Never

This chapter deals with the formalization of banking supervision in Switzerland, which occurred throughout the twentieth century in a three-step process. First, between 1914 and 1931, the introduction of formal banking supervision, including a detailed Banking Act enforced by an authority, was discussed but was rejected under the influence of leading bankers. Second, in the aftermath of a severe banking crisis in 1931–1934, the resistance of bankers was undermined and a federal law on commercial banking, featuring the setting up of a new supervision agency, was adopted. Third, until the late 1970s, despite the existence of a legal code and a designated authority, the formalization was still incomplete, because the agency was lacking the formal capacity and resources to guarantee an effective enforcement of financial regulation. During that period (1930s–1970s), policymakers were unable to remove the flaws of the supervisory regime because of the strong preference of the main stakeholders (commercial banks, banking supervisors) for the existing system.

Posłowie wobec problemu reformy prawa sądowego w pierwszym roku obrad Sejmu Wielkiego w świetle diariuszy sejmowych Jana Pawła Łuszczewskiego i Antoniego Siarczyńskiego

Deputies against the problem of judicial law reform in the first year of the session of the Grand Sejm, in the light of the parliamentary diaries by Jan Paweł Łuszczewski and Antoni Siarczyński In 1788, in the face of the deepening crisis of the state and the real threat of losing sovereign existence, an extraordinary Sejm was convened in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, whose decisions and reforms were to save the independence of the state, while at the same time thoroughly modernising it. This congregation went down in history as the Four-Year or Grand Sejm, which many saw and still see as an appreciation of its great work. One of the actions taken was a profound reform of judicial law, the anachronistic nature of which was a significant cause of the country’s weakness and the problems of its citizens. Ultimately, however, somewhat paradoxically, the glorious and greatest achievement of the assembly — adopting a constitution — resulted in a civil war, a military conflict with a powerful neighbor — Tsarist Russia, and the liquidation of the Polish state. The aforementioned basic law devoted one of its articles to the judiciary, obliging it to create a new legal code. However, this commitment was never fulfilled. The question of why this happened is still open. The attempt to answer this question is part of the fundamental dispute over the causes of the collapse and liquidation of the state, a discourse that has provoked passionate polemics for decades. The author made an attempt to take his own position on this issue, based on the results of the undertaken research. He conducted a thorough analysis of exceptionally valuable sources such as the Sejm diaries, which constitute a record of the deputies’ speeches at the forum of the plenary Sejm sessions, similar to modern meeting records. In the actions and attitudes of the nation’s representatives, at the moment of his greatest attempt, he tried to find the key to resolving the dispute. Die Abgeordneten angesichts der Frage der Reform des Gerichtsrechts im ersten Tagungsjahr des Großen Sejm anhand der Sejm-Protokollbücher von Jan Paweł Łuszczewski und Antoni Siarczyński In Anbetracht der sich vertiefenden Krise des Staates und der realen Gefahr, die Souveränität zu verlieren, wurde im Jahr 1788 in der Republik beider Nationen der außerordentliche Sejm einberufen, dessen Entscheidungen und Reformen die Unabhängigkeit des Staates retten und ihn dabei tief modernisieren sollten. Diese Versammlung schrieb Geschichte als der Vierjährige oder Große Sejm, worin viele die Anerkennung der Größe seiner Werke sahen und sehen. Eine der eingeschlagenen Richtungen seiner Tätigkeit war die Reform des Gerichtsrechts, dessen veralteter Charakter einen wichtigen Grund für die Schwächen des Staates und die Probleme seiner Bürger darstellte. Letztendlich jedoch, ein wenig paradox, führte der lobenswerte und wichtigste Erfolg der Versammlung — die Verabschiedung der Verfassung — zum Ausbruch des Hauskrieges, zum militärischen Konflikt mit dem großen Nachbar — Zarenrussland und zur Auflösung des Staates. Ein der Artikel dieses Grundgesetzes wurde der rechtsprechenden Gewalt gewidmet und verpflichtete dazu, ein neues Gesetzbuch zu verfassen. Dieser Verpflichtung ist jedoch nie nachgekom-men worden. Offen bleibt immer noch die Frage — warum. Der Versuch, sie zu beantworten stellt einen Bestandteil des fundamentalen Streites um die Gründe des Zusammenbruchs und der Auflösung des Staates dar, einer Diskussion, die bereits über Jahrzehnte zur bewegten Polemik führt. Der Autor versuchte, anhand der geführten Forschungen, eigene Stellung dazu zu nehmen. Eingehende und gründliche Analyse der besonders wertvollen Quellen — der Sejm-Protokollbücher, der Niederschrift der Abgeordnetenauftritte während der Plenarsitzungen des Sejm, die den gegenwärtigen Stenogrammen ähneln, machte er zum Wesen dieser Forschungen. Im Tun und Haltung der Vertreter des Volkes zum Zeitpunkt der größten Probe versuchte er, den Schlüssel zur Entscheidung des Streites zu finden.

Habeas corpus w Polsce oraz w niektórych państwach kręgu common law. Analiza prawnoporównawcza

In their article, Przemysław Krawczyk and Bartosz Łukowiak discuss the issue of the habeas corpus procedure. On the basis of a comparative legal analysis, they present a model of the functioning of this institution in Poland and in selected countries whose legal code is based on common law. Krawczyk and Łukowiak discuss in detail, among other things, the scope and the subject matter of this mode and the catalogue of guarantees associated with it. Their research has made it possible to compare the most important similarities and differences in the functioning of the habeas corpus privilege in the Polish legal code and in common law. This, in turn, has allowed them to assess the accuracy of some of the solutions known to the Polish criminal procedural law. This article contains extensive references to the views expressed on this mode both in the Polish and the Anglo-Saxon doctrine of the procedural criminal law and to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the United States Supreme Court.

طرق الحماية القانونية من جرائم التعدي على العقارات والمنقولات في التشريع الجنائي السوداني دراسة تطبيقية مقارنة في ضوء أحكام الفقه الإسلامي

This research aims at Identifying methods of legal protection relevant to crimes offending real estate and property in Islamic jurisprudence and Sudan criminal law of 1991 and contemporary laws, Egyptian and Anglo Saxon. Criminal offending is defined legally and clarified in its pillars, elements and the eventual penalties in Islamic legal code addition to objective laws and its effectiveness in curbing committing such crimes which impacts to extreme degree the rights of other individuals. This research recommends necessity of obedience to all noble commands of Islam and avoids offending rights of others to deprive them of their rights, terrorize and annoying them; cooperation among individual of Muslim community is the foundation which their relationships and Muslim community should be Ideal community that sustains individual rights and security prevails.

The last Legal Code of the Yuan Empire: History and Text

From the jural point of view, the Yuan era (1271–1368) can be considered as one of the most interesting in the history of Eastern Asia. This is partly because at that time the Chinese tradition was enriched by a foreign influence. However, very few sources on the Yuan legal system have survived, and even those which did survive are usually far from being complete. The article introduces the recently discovered part of the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code published in 1346 at the very end of the Yuan Empire. The author lists the testimonia, which mention this document. He also offers the analysis of legal documents mentioned there following the time of their issue. The introduced source is compared with legal codes of the previous years and suggests ways of their reconstruction. The final part of the article contains a brief description of the surviving chapters of the monument. The results of the analysis allow us to see in the Zhi-zheng tiao-ge code an important source on the legislation not only of the late Yuan but also on the Yuan dynasty as a whole.

Universal Bureaucratic State as the Sole Agent of Justice in Han Feizi’s Thought

This chapter focuses on the last fajia thinker, Han Feizi (c. 280–233 BCE), who was a grand synthesizer of many aspects of all classical Chinese moral-political discourse in his effort to perfect the operation of the impartialist state. His political project explicitly rejected the XQZP model by problematizing its every aspect. He sought an alternative model that provided the intellectual foundation for a system of impersonal and uniform bureaucratic machinery that could dispense reward and punishment automatically with as little interference from the ruler as possible. His goal of instituting a set of impartial, transparent, and uniform administrative and legal code and standard in governing the state, often in defiance of the interest of powerful aristocratic families, points to the principle of justice operative in his statist project. However, he could not solve the core tension between the monarch and the monarchy, dooming his project of building an impartial political order.

Debating Sharī‘a in Contemporary Indonesia

The transformation of Sharia into a legal code in different Muslim countries is not an easy process. Let alone in Indonesia, this transformation has included dialogues, conflicts and tensions between multiple groups. In the last two decades, along with the growing up of democratic life, this tension has given rise to the emergence of so-called ‘progressive’ and ‘conservative’ movements. Debates among them continue to rage even more intensely. On the other hand, as this article has argued, the development of Islamic family law in Indonesia has demonstrated the increase in the use of modern approaches to Islamic jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the State authority seems to have a decisive power to intervene the content and to determine the result of the debate. Accordingly, I would like to value all these political and legal processes as an inseparable part of the larger process of a public sphere in the Indonesian reformasi era.

Pengaturan Sanksi Pidana Bagi Pelaku Pembakaran Hutan

The base burning which is getting more and more massive every year in the archipelago because of the large number of land clearing by burning forests. For this reason, the burning of the widening of the plinth can cause natural destruction to disturb the fitness of the residents, to be quietly located, and to obtain a good and fit nature of life, which is the feasibility of such citizens as voiced in Article 28 h paragraph (I) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the legal arrangements for forest burning agents and to know the criminal sanctions for forest fire offenders. The method used in the preparation of this research is a normative legal study using a problem study using a legal basis that applies to laws and regulations contained in the literature. The method used for the following research is juridical normative, analytical descriptive in nature, and using the statutory regulation scheme, the executor of the scorching action of bases and land that continuously carries out scorching grounds should be carried out under criminal law, civil law in the form of penalties and administrative law takes the form of abolishing the business permit management permit. Law Number 41 Year 1999 Law Number 19 Year 2004 regarding Reason, Law Number 32 Year 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management, Civil Code, Criminal Code and Legal Code The administration, in fact, is unable to make a sense of the craving for the executors of the crime of burning forests and land who carry out scorching of bases and land because there is still a problem of burning the base.