Background: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among Americans ages 10 to 34. Recent increases in suicide rates among those assigned female at birth are particularly alarming. A large body of evidence points to menstrual cycle influences on self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (STBs), suggesting that neurobiological hormone sensitivities such as those observed in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) may drive risk for suicide in females. However, existing studies of the prevalence of STBs in PMDD have used cross-sectional self-report measures of PMDD with poor validity. As a first step to establishing more accurate prevalence rates of STBs in PMDD, we examined the lifetime prevalence of STBs in a large global survey of patients reporting a diagnosis of PMDD based on daily ratings. Method: Individuals with self-reported PMDD symptoms were invited to an online survey through online support groups for PMDD and social media posts from accounts focused on PMDD awareness and information. Participants reported on demographics, whether they had been diagnosed with PMDD by a healthcare provider using daily ratings, STBs using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, and history of various lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Results: 2,689 unique participants completed the survey. Of those, 599 (23%) reported a provider diagnosis with PMDD based on two months of daily ratings and were included in analyses. We observed high rates of lifetime active suicidal ideation (72%), planning (49%), intent (42%), preparing for an attempt (40%), and attempt (34%), as well as non-suicidal self-injury (51%). The majority (70%) of the sample reported at least one lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnosis by a medical provider. STB rates were only slightly attenuated among those reporting no history of diagnosed psychiatric comorbidities (i.e., PMDD only). Predictors of lifetime suicidal ideation included nulliparity, low-to-moderate (vs. high) income, and history of diagnosis with major depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Predictors of lifetime attempts among those reporting lifetime ideation included older age, nulliparity, lower income, and history of diagnosis with post-traumatic stress disorder or borderline personality disorder.Conclusions: These data indicate high rates of STBs among those reporting prospective medical diagnosis of PMDD and highlight the need for more prospective research on mechanisms and prevention of STBs in PMDD. Clinical practice guidelines for PMDD should accommodate comorbidities and recommend frequent screenings for STB risk. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors should be considered for inclusion in future iterations of the DSM PMDD diagnostic criteria.
The role of sleep disturbance in the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation