Grit in adolescence is protective of late-life cognition: non-cognitive factors and cognitive reserve

AbstractCognitive reserve is thought to reflect life experiences. Which experiences contribute to reserve and their relative importance is not understood. Subjects were 652 autopsied cases from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study. Reserve was defined as the residual variance of the regressions of cognitive factors on brain pathology and was captured in a latent variable that was regressed on potential determinants of reserve. Neuropathology variables included Alzheimer's disease markers, Lewy bodies, infarcts, microinfarcts, and brain weight. Cognition was measured with six cognitive domain scores. Determinants of reserve were socioeconomic status (SES), education, leisure cognitive activities at age 40 (CA40) and at study enrollment (CAbaseline) in late life. The four exogenous predictors of reserve were weakly to moderately inter-correlated. In a multivariate model, all except SES had statistically significant effects on Reserve, the strongest of which were CA40 (β = .31) and CAbaseline (β = .28). The Education effect was negative in the full model (β = –.25). Results suggest that leisure cognitive activities throughout adulthood are more important than education in determining reserve. Discrepancies between cognitive activity and education may be informative in estimating late life reserve. (JINS, 2011, 17, 615–624)

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Cognitive Reserve Moderates Effects of White Matter Hyperintensity on Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Late-Life Depression

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chemin Lin ◽

Chih-Mao Huang ◽

Yang-Teng Fan ◽

Ho-Ling Liu ◽

Yao-Liang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

White Matter ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Late Life ◽

White Matter Hyperintensity ◽

Late Life Depression

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The neuropsychological profile of older adult musicians and non-musicians : implications for cognitive reserve in late life.

10.18297/etd/2245 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Strong

Keyword(s):

Older Adult ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Late Life ◽

Neuropsychological Profile

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Cognitive reserve-mediated neural modulation of emotional control and regulation in people with late-life depression

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience ◽

10.1093/scan/nsz054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 849-860 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chih-Mao Huang ◽

Yang-Teng Fan ◽

Shwu-Hua Lee ◽

Ho-Ling Liu ◽

Yao-Liang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older People ◽

Neural Activity ◽

Emotional Regulation ◽

Verbal Fluency ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Late Life ◽

Aging Brain ◽

Depression Severity ◽

Late Life Depression

Abstract Late-life depression (LLD) is an affective disorder that is highly prevalent among older people. Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to an active process that facilitates the flexibility and efficiency of the neural networks to compensate for impairments that emerge in consequence of brain pathology. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated whether and how CR affects emotional regulation, level of depression severity and neural activity associated with affective control during emotional Stroop (eStroop) task. Altogether, 90 older people participated in this study, 50 of whom suffered from LLD. We used years of education and verbal fluency capacity as proxies for CR. Clinical participants with relatively higher CR presented with milder degrees of depression, better eStroop performance and stronger neural activity in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) involved with exercising affective control. Results of the mediation analysis indicated that both education and verbal fluency significantly mediated the association between the depression severity and MEG activity. These results suggest a negative association between CR and age-related clinical symptoms of emotional dysregulation. Our neurobehavioral findings provide supportive evidence that CR implies efficiency of top-down emotional regulation and operates as a protective factor against emotional and cognitive vulnerability in the aging brain.

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USING RACIAL/ETHNIC COMPARISONS TO EVALUATE UNMEASURED CONFOUNDING: CHILDHOOD DISADVANTAGE AND COGNITIVE RESERVE IN LATE LIFE IN THE MULTI-ETHNIC KHANDLE COHORT

Alzheimer s & Dementia ◽

10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4398 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. P189-P190

Author(s):

Maria Glymour ◽

Paola Gilsanz ◽

Sunita Miles ◽

Chloe W. Eng ◽

Charles P. Quesenberry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Late Life ◽

Unmeasured Confounding ◽

Ethnic Comparisons ◽

Childhood Disadvantage ◽

Racial Ethnic

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Cognitive Reserve in Midlife is not Associated with Amyloid-β Deposition in Late-Life

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-180785 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 517-521

Author(s):

Andreea M. Rawlings ◽

A. Richey Sharrett ◽

Thomas H. Mosley ◽

Dean F. Wong ◽

David S. Knopman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Late Life

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Lifestyle activities in mid-life contribute to cognitive reserve in late-life, independent of education, occupation, and late-life activities

Neurobiology of Aging ◽

10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 180-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Dennis Chan ◽

Meredith Shafto ◽

Rogier Kievit ◽

Fiona Matthews ◽

Molly Spink ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Late Life ◽

Lifestyle Activities

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Influence of Cognitive Reserve on Cognitive Trajectories: Role of Brain Pathologies

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000012728 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012728

Author(s):

Xuerui Li ◽

Ruixue Song ◽

Xiuying Qi ◽

Hui Xu ◽

Wenzhe Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Episodic Memory ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Late Life ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Mixed Effect Models ◽

Global Cognition

Background and Objectives:Evidence on the association of the cognitive reserve (CR) with the cognitive trajectories is limited. We aimed to examine the influence of CR indicator on domain-specific cognitive trajectories taking brain pathologies into account.Methods:Within the Rush Memory and Aging Project, 1,697 dementia-free participants (mean age: 79.6 years) were followed up to 21 years. CR indicator encompassing education, early-life, mid-life, and late-life cognitive activities, and late-life social activity was ascertained at baseline and categorized as tertiles (the lowest, middle, and highest). Global cognition, episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, visuospatial ability, and perceptual speed were assessed annually with 19 tests, from which composite scores were derived. During the follow-up, 648 died and underwent autopsies to evaluate brain pathologies. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models.Results:Among the participants, the score of the CR indicator ranged from -8.00 to 5.74 (mean: 0.00±2.23). In multi-adjusted mixed-effect models, compared to the lowest CR, the highest was related to a slower decline in global cognition (β=0.028, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.012 to 0.043), episodic memory (β=0.028, 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.047) and working memory (β=0.019, 95% CI: 0.005 to 0.033) during the follow-up. In brain pathological data analysis, the association of the highest CR with cognitive function changes remained significant among participants with high Alzheimer’s disease pathology or gross infarcts.Discussion:High CR indicator is associated with preserved global cognitive function, episodic memory, and working memory, even in the presence of brain pathologies. Our findings highlight the important role of high CR accumulation in the prevention of cognitive decline.

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