Long-term effect of theory of mind on school achievement: The role of sensitivity to criticism

Maintaining social skills such as Theory of Mind (ToM) competences is important to counteract the conversion into dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Multidimensional nonpharmacological interventions demonstrated their potential in improving cognitive and behavioral abilities; however, little is known about the long-term effect of such interventions on social skills in people with MCI. The aim of this longitudinal study was to monitor ToM competences considering both cognitive and affective domains in an amnestic MCI (aMCI) sample involved in a home-based multistimulation treatment (MST@H). 30 aMCI subjects (M:F=15:15; mean age±SD=77.00±4.60) were enrolled, and three steps of evaluation with neuropsychological tests and ToM tasks have been implemented. 21 healthy controls (HC) were also included (M:F=9:12; mean age±SD=74.95±3.88) to characterize the aMCI sample regarding differences in ToM performance compared to HC at the baseline evaluation. Our results show that the aMCI group statistically significantly underperformed the HC group only in the advanced ToM tasks, confirming an initial decline of high-level ToM competences in this population. The longitudinal evaluation revealed time changes not only in some subcognitive domains of MoCA (memory and executive functions) but also in cognitive and affective ToM dimensions in aMCI subjects. Our findings suggest that cognitive and affective ToM can be considered useful outcome measures to test the long-term effect of treatment over time.

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Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665100000069 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 47-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽

S. P. Walker ◽

S. Chang

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

School Achievement ◽

Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽

Term Effect ◽

Nutritional Deficiencies ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Protein Energy ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Long Term Follow Up

The literature on the long-term effects of nutritional deficiencies in early life is reviewed. The severity and duration of the deficiency, the stage of the children’s development, the biological condition of the children and the socio-cultural context may all modify the effect. There is substantial evidence that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school achievement. However, all these conditions are associated with poverty and poor health, which may account for the association. It is difficult to establish that the long-term relationship is causal, as it requires a randomized treatment trial with long-term follow-up. Such studies are only available for I deficiency in utero and early childhood PEM. Results from these studies indicate that I deficiency has a long-term effect and PEM probably has a long-term effect.

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Long-term effect of bilateral ovariectomy on endothelial function in aortic rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of nitric oxide

Gynecological Endocrinology ◽

10.1080/713602798 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 158-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Riveiro ◽

A. Mosquera ◽

C. Calvo ◽

M. Alonso ◽

M. Macía ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽

Term Effect ◽

Hypertensive Rats ◽

Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽

Bilateral Ovariectomy ◽

Long Term Effect

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Ablation of the inferior olive prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.01069.2015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 1630-1636 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiang Yang Chen ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Yi Chen ◽

Lu Chen ◽

Jonathan R. Wolpaw

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Inferior Olive ◽

H Reflex ◽

Term Effect ◽

New Approach ◽

Simple Motor ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Cortical Inputs

We evaluated the role of the inferior olive (IO) in acquisition of the spinal cord plasticity that underlies H-reflex down-conditioning, a simple motor skill. The IO was chemically ablated before a 50-day exposure to an operant conditioning protocol that rewarded a smaller soleus H-reflex. In normal rats, down-conditioning succeeds (i.e., H-reflex size decreases at least 20%) in 80% of animals. Down-conditioning failed in every IO-ablated rat ( P < 0.001 vs. normal rats). IO ablation itself had no long-term effect on H-reflex size. These results indicate that the IO is essential for acquisition of a down-conditioned H-reflex. With previous data, they support the hypothesis that IO and cortical inputs to cerebellum enable the cerebellum to guide sensorimotor cortex plasticity that produces and maintains the spinal cord plasticity that underlies the down-conditioned H-reflex. They help to further define H-reflex conditioning as a model for understanding motor learning and as a new approach to enhancing functional recovery after trauma or disease.

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The Effect of Chronic Methamphetamine Treatment on Schizophrenia Endophenotypes in Heterozygous Reelin Mice: Implications for Schizophrenia

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10060940 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 940

Author(s):

Camilla Hume ◽

Shelley Massey ◽

Maarten van den Buuse

Keyword(s):

Locomotor Activity ◽

Social Behaviour ◽

Social Preference ◽

Term Effect ◽

Spontaneous Locomotor Activity ◽

Brain Dopamine ◽

Locomotor Hyperactivity ◽

Long Term Effect

Reelin has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia but the mechanisms involved in this interaction remain unclear. Chronic methamphetamine (Meth) use may cause dopaminergic sensitisation and psychosis and has been proposed to affect brain dopamine systems similarly to changes seen in schizophrenia. We compared the long-term effect of chronic Meth treatment between heterozygous reelin mice (HRM) and wildtype controls (WT) with the aim of better understanding the role of reelin in schizophrenia. Meth pretreatment induced sensitisation to the effect of an acute Meth challenge on locomotor activity, but it had no effect on baseline PPI or sociability and social preference. In all behavioural models, HRM did not significantly differ from WT at baseline, except spontaneous exploratory locomotor activity which was higher in HRM than WT, and sociability which was enhanced in HRM. Locomotor hyperactivity sensitisation was not significantly different between HRM and WT. Chronic Meth treatment reduced spontaneous locomotor activity to the level of WT. No deficits in PPI or social behaviour were induced by chronic Meth pretreatment in either strain. In conclusion, these data do not support a role of reelin in schizophrenia, at least not in HRM and in the methamphetamine sensitisation model.

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