scholarly journals Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
S. P. Walker ◽  
S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

The literature on the long-term effects of nutritional deficiencies in early life is reviewed. The severity and duration of the deficiency, the stage of the children’s development, the biological condition of the children and the socio-cultural context may all modify the effect. There is substantial evidence that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school achievement. However, all these conditions are associated with poverty and poor health, which may account for the association. It is difficult to establish that the long-term relationship is causal, as it requires a randomized treatment trial with long-term follow-up. Such studies are only available for I deficiency in utero and early childhood PEM. Results from these studies indicate that I deficiency has a long-term effect and PEM probably has a long-term effect.

Brassinosteroid-induced de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings resembles the long-term effects of cytokinins

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Luo ◽  
Ji-Chu Chen ◽  
Yu-Ju Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Hypocotyl Elongation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Positive Regulators

Cytokinins can cause de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings growing in the dark. Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been considered to regulate negatively the de-etiolation in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. We show here that epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) can partially produce the phenotype of de-etiolation as caused by treatment with cytokinins in the dark, including the development of leaves and epicotyls in the wild-type and the BR-deficient mutant det2. But BRs cannot inhibit hypocotyl elongation, nor restore all the inhibition caused by cytokinins and light. We have found that there are distinct short term and long term phases of induction of de-etiolation by cytokinins. The short-term effect is probably coupled to ethylene in the inhibition of the hypocotyl elongation; the long-term effect causes morphogenesis of leaves and epicotyls. BRs can only regulate de-etiolation in the long term. We propose that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation of det2 in darkness is caused by the absence of BR-dependent elongation rather than the inhibition caused by the expression of genes for photomorphogenesis. We propose that BRs resemble cytokinins in regulating de-etiolation as positive regulators, and that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the development of leaves and epicotyls in de-etiolation are independent processes.

Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3 adipocytes

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E706-E711 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. van Putten ◽  
H. M. Krans
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Hexose Uptake

Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin-sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover, on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin-stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport. In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the effect of insulin.

The Long-Term Effects of Price Promotions on Category Incidence, Brand Choice, and Purchase Quantity

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Pauwels ◽  
Dominique M. Hanssens ◽  
S. Siddarth
Keyword(s):  
Brand Choice ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Price Promotions ◽  
Perishable Product ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Purchase Quantity ◽  
Scanner Panel

To what extent do price promotions have a long-term effect on the components of brand sales, namely, category incidence, brand choice, and purchase quantity? The authors answer this question by using persistence modeling on weekly sales data of a perishable and a storable product derived from a scanner panel. Their analysis reveals, first, that permanent promotion effects are virtually absent for each sales component. Next, the authors develop and apply an impulse response approach to estimate the promotional adjustment period and the total dynamic effects of a price promotion. Specifically, they calculate the long-term equivalent of Gupta's (1988) 14/84/2 breakdown of promotional effects. Because of positive adjustment effects for incidence but negative adjustment effects for choice, the authors find a reversal of the importance of category incidence and brand choice: 66/11/23 for the storable product and 58/39/3 for the perishable product. The authors discuss the implications of the findings and suggest some areas for further research.

scholarly journals A brief overview of COVID-19 long-term effect on cardiovascular system

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Sawar ◽  
◽  
Ali Hussain ◽  
Nikky Bardia ◽  
Hassan Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Active Infection ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Long Term Effect

COVID-19 infection affects multiple organs including cardiovascular system. Besides acute effect in active infection, COVID-19 also has a long-term effect on the cardiovascular system and reporting of these effects are increasing along with increased number of survivors recovering from COVID-19 infection. In this article, we reviewed the current literature available for long-term effects of COVID-19 on the heart.

Long-Term Effects on Speech of Chronic Cerebellar Stimulation in Cerebral Palsy

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
David L. Ratusnik ◽  
Richard D. Penn
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
One Year ◽  
Cerebellar Stimulation

Chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) of the anterior lobe is undertaken for relief of motor dysfunction in cerebral palsy, but the long-term effect on speech and voice has been uncertain. The present study evaluated speech before cerebellar stimulation and between one year and two years, seven months following stimulation in nine patients with congenital cerebral palsy and one patient with traumatic brain damage. Severity of dysarthria was not significantly altered as assessed by a panel of listeners. No patient demonstrated deterioration in speech. Only two of the 10 patients showed small positive changes in the majority of parameters evaluated including rate, articulation, and voice.

Agony and ecstasy: a review of MDMA effects and toxicity

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Burgess ◽  
A. O’Donohoe ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Recreational Drug ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

SummaryBackgroundBackground – Ecstasy is a recreational drug with an anecdotal reputation for safety. However, reports of adverse effects and fatalities have increased in the medical and popular press.MethodsMethod – Literature search and review.ResultsResults – Acute Ecstasy toxicity does not appear to be due to overdose and cannot be solely attributed to the nature of the usual ambient environment. Adverse effects include hyperthermia, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, hyponatraemia and many psychiatric disorders. Ecstasy causes serotonergic neurotoxicity in the brains of animals at doses close to those used by humans, but its long-term effect on the human brain is unknown.ConclusionsConclusion – Ecstasy toxicity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions. Given its popularity, both the acute and the potential long-term effects are a cause for concern.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment® LOUD on Japanese-Speaking Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Keigo Nakayama ◽  
Toshiyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Chihiro Oda ◽  
Masako Sato ◽  
Takeshi Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lee Silverman Voice Treatment ◽  
Voice Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effect

Background. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment® LOUD (LSVT®) is an intensive program devised in the United States to train patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) to speak louder, at normal intensity, while keeping a good voice quality. Four weeks of LSVT® has been shown to increase vocal loudness and improve intelligibility among Japanese-speaking PD patients. However, the long-term effects of LSVT® have not been examined in these patients. Objective. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of LSVT® on Japanese-speaking PD patients. Methods. Twenty-one Japanese PD patients underwent a standardized course (four sessions over four consecutive days, for four weeks) of LSVT® at our hospital. Vocal loudness and intelligibility were assessed at the following three time-points: pretreatment (baseline), immediately after treatment, and at the end of the 12 month follow-up (12FU). Sound pressure levels (dB SPL) were measured during the following tasks: sustained phonation of /a/, reading a standardized text, and delivery of a monologue. Three experienced speech-language pathologists, who were blinded to patients’ identities and assessment points, assessed speech intelligibility based on recorded audio samples of each participant during the reading and monologue tasks. Results. Fourteen patients were evaluated at 12FU. Changes in dB SPL from baseline to immediately after treatment were +6.5 dB, +4.2 dB, and +2.8 dB, and those from baseline until 12FU were +4.7 dB, +3.5 dB, and +2.5 dB in sustained phonation of /a/, reading a passage, and delivery of a monologue, respectively. These changes were significant (p < 0.025) in both the baseline-to-immediately-after-treatment and baseline-to-12FU intervals. Intelligibility relative to baseline was significantly improved immediately after treatment, but not at 12FU. Conclusions. LSVT® had a long-term effect on the vocal loudness of Japanese-speaking PD patients. A short-term effect was seen in intelligibility, however, there was no significant long-term effect.

scholarly journals Exploring the long-term effect of strategy work: The case of Sustainable Sydney 2030

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802097954
Author(s):  
Martin Kornberger ◽  
Renate E Meyer ◽  
Markus A Höllerer
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Thought Style ◽  
Thought Collective ◽  
Mary Douglas ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Urban Strategy

Strategy has become an important concern and practical tool in urban management and governance, with the literature highlighting implementation as a hallmark of effective strategy. Whilst such a strategy–action link (which we label here as ‘implementation nexus’) has been well established, other long-term effects have been documented in less detail. Our study of Sustainable Sydney 2030 finds that strategy was effective to the extent to which it changed the institutional a priori of what a collective of actors engaged in city-making knows, what it can articulate and how its members relate to each other. We capture this effect as ‘institution nexus’ and theorise our findings with Ludwik Fleck’s concept of ‘thought style’ of a focal ‘thought collective’– notions that also centrally influenced Mary Douglas’ work on ‘how institutions think’. We contribute to extant research by adding the institution nexus as a long-term effect of urban strategy as well as by advancing strategy theory in urban studies to foreground its ability to shape institutions.

scholarly journals Sustainability of a Motor Control Exercise Intervention: Analysis of Long-Term Effects in a Low Back Pain Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Katrin Puschmann ◽  
Chiao-I Lin ◽  
Pia-Maria Wippert
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Psychosocial Variables ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Effect

Development of chronic pain after a low back pain episode is associated with increased pain sensitivity, altered pain processing mechanisms and the influence of psychosocial factors. Although there is some evidence that multimodal therapy (such as behavioral or motor control therapy) may be an important therapeutic strategy, its long-term effect on pain reduction and psychosocial load is still unclear. Prospective longitudinal designs providing information about the extent of such possible long-term effects are missing. This study aims to investigate the long-term effects of a homebased uni- and multidisciplinary motor control exercise program on low back pain intensity, disability and psychosocial variables. 14 months after completion of a multicenter study comparing uni- and multidisciplinary exercise interventions, a sample of one study center (n = 154) was assessed once more. Participants filled in questionnaires regarding their low back pain symptoms (characteristic pain intensity and related disability), stress and vital exhaustion (short version of the Maastricht Vital Exhaustion Questionnaire), anxiety and depression experiences (the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale), and pain-related cognitions (the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire). Repeated measures mixed ANCOVAs were calculated to determine the long-term effects of the interventions on characteristic pain intensity and disability as well as on the psychosocial variables. Fifty four percent of the sub-sample responded to the questionnaires (n = 84). Longitudinal analyses revealed a significant long-term effect of the exercise intervention on pain disability. The multidisciplinary group missed statistical significance yet showed a medium sized long-term effect. The groups did not differ in their changes of the psychosocial variables of interest. There was evidence of long-term effects of the interventions on pain-related disability, but there was no effect on the other variables of interest. This may be partially explained by participant's low comorbidities at baseline. Results are important regarding costless homebased alternatives for back pain patients and prevention tasks. Furthermore, this study closes the gap of missing long-term effect analysis in this field.

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