The Sensibility to Passive Movement of the Human Elbow Joint

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Cleghorn ◽  
H. D. Darcus
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Correct Detection ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
Passive Movements

The literature on the perception of passive movement is reviewed. A description is given, of an apparatus whereby passive movements may be produced at the human elbow joint with the minimal amount of interference with sensation from extraneous factors. Tested with this apparatus, four human subjects experienced in varying degree false sensations of movement when the arm was at rest. They differed from each other in the direction which they tended to ascribe to the sensations, three of them being strongly influenced by the direction of the preceding movement. Both the perception of movement and identification of its direction were more efficient in extension than in flexion and at larger than at smaller displacements. The duration of movement was an important factor. Tentative estimates of the threshold are: 0·8° for 80 per cent, correct detection of movement and 1·8° for 80 per cent, correct identification of direction at all speeds in the range, 0.10·0.25°/sec.

scholarly journals The effect of lower limb passive movement on lung function

2001 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
S. Narain ◽  
J. Lin ◽  
T. Puckree
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output ◽  
Healthy Human Subjects ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Passive Movements

This study examined the effects of ankle passive movement on lung function in healthy adults. A pre-test post-test experimental design was used. Passive plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed at 60 repetitions per minute on 60 healthy subjects in the supine position. Lung function at rest was compared to that during passive movements. The results indicated that all measured parameters including the breathing frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide output, increased significantly during passive movements as compared to those at rest. The authors conclude that passive movements elicit a significant ventilatory increase in healthy human subjects. The effect of passive movements in the treatment of unconscious or diseased individuals should be investigated.

scholarly journals Human velocity-change perceptual characteristics in passive movements of shoulder and/or elbow joint

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (0) ◽  
pp. 18-00503-18-00503
Author(s):  
Takaaki YASUI ◽  
Fumihiro AKATSUKA ◽  
Yoshihiko NOMURA ◽  
Tokuhiro SUGIURA
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics ◽  
Passive Movements

Psychophysiological Basis for Errors in Identification of Degraded Geometric Forms under Conditions of High Information Uncertainty

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 91-91
Author(s):  
B Blum ◽  
A Bitler ◽  
P E King-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Information Uncertainty ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Geometric Figures ◽  
Binomial Distributions ◽  
Differential Attention ◽  
High Uncertainty ◽  
High Information

Identification of ambiguous geometric forms by human subjects with brief experience or pre-knowledge of the stimulus may call upon Bayesian specialised mechanisms. Subjects were presented with a 2-alternative forced choice between a pair of incomplete geometric figures in conditions with common and varying components. Stimuli of 1, 3, 5, and 6 pixel acuity grades were displayed in iterative order in randomised blocks at 100, 200, 260, and 360 ms exposure times, rotated or upright, under local or global viewing. Analysis of probability of correct identification against stimulus intensity, acuity demand, and stimulus duration revealed: (i) sigmoid or dipper-shaped nonmonotonic psychometric functions; (ii) Poisson-like skewed binomial distributions of errors; and (iii) category-based dependence on the stimulus and its ambiguity. This is attributable to the high uncertainty constraints imposed on tasks sharing and also varying in their stimulus parameters and dimensions. Nonlinearities shown reflect category-based strategies and attention allocation, interactions as a drive for performance stability manifested in equalisation across sub-categories and invariances of errors, with acuity demand accounted for perhaps by mechanisms of differential attention allocation. Two sources of error are apparent: (i) possibly ‘bottleneck of attention’-related and individually varying ‘blink of attention’, with small falls distributed across stimulus intensities, and (ii) ‘lapse of attention’ with large falls on easier tasks, and rightward-skewed deviations from normal Poisson-like binomial distributions ( p<0.001), the high correlation to performance effort suggesting an active process of pay-off.

Amplitude of responses to perturbation in primate sensorimotor cortex as a function of task

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Wolpaw
Keyword(s):  
Background Activity ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Response Amplitude ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Constant Force ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Related Area ◽  
Force Direction ◽  
Passive Movements

1. Monkeys learned to maintain hand position against a range of background forces. Short-latency responses to passive wrist extension or flexion were recorded from units in areas 4, 3, 1, and 2. Response amplitude was studied as a function of background force direction (extension or flexion). 2. For 40% of the precentral and postcentral responses, response amplitude depended on constant force direction. For these dependent responses, amplitude with background force in one direction averaged 2.8 times amplitude with background force in the opposite direction. 3. Units for which background activity varied with constant force direction were designated task related. Dependent responses from area 4 task-related units were usually larger when background activity was greater and when background force direction matched the direction of the passive movement. 4. Dependent responses from area 4 task-related units occurred significantly later than nondependent responses from the same units. 5. Since most area 4 task-related activity was explicable as a result of peripheral input via the same oligosynaptic path mediating area 4 responses to passive movements (32), the present findings imply that area 4-task-related activity may result in large part from centrally mediated change in the access of short-latency peripheral input to area 4 units. 6. The dependence of responses from non-task-related area 4 units and from non-task-related and task-related postcentral units showed no dominant correlation with background activity or with background force direction. Their dependence appeared to require no explanation other than a change in peripheral input with change in background force direction.

Correlations between task-related activity and responses to perturbation in primate sensorimotor cortex

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Wolpaw
Keyword(s):  
Passive Movement ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Muscle Stretch ◽  
Wrist Extension ◽  
Active Flexion ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
Passive Movements

1. Monkeys were trained to maintain hand position against a range of constant forces. Short-latency responses to passive wrist extension or flexion, as well as short-latency responses to stretch of a single wrist muscle, were recorded from units in areas 4, 3, 1, and 2. These responses were compared to unit activity during active holding and during active movement. 2. Units related to active holding and to active movement were most common in areas 4 and 2. Three-quarters of these units displayed a specific correlation between their passive and active behaviors. Thus, a unit excited by passive extension was excited during active holding against extension force and excited during an active flexion movement. This behavior is similar to the expected concurrent behavior of muscle stretch receptors. By demonstrating that a significant number of task-related units give qualitatively similar responses to passive extension and passive flexion, the results appear to explain the disagreement among previous studies (5, 9, 36) in regard to area 4 behavior during active and passive movements. 3. Area 4 units responded similarly to passive wrist extension and electromagnetic stretch of a single flexor muscle occurring in the absence of wrist extension, indicating that muscle stretch was important in determining area 4 unit responses to passive movements. 4. The similarity of area 4 behavior to area 2 behavior in active and passive situations, along with the observation that area 2 responses to passive movements occurred several milliseconds earlier than those of area 4, emphasizes the importance of area 2 in motor performance and is consistent with significant area 2 mediation of area 4 responses. 5. Results support the hypothesis of an oligosynaptic transcortical pathway (22, 32, 34), beginning in large part with muscle stretch receptors. Furthermore, the correlation noted between short-latency responses to passive movement and task-related activity suggests that this transcortical pathway not only mediates responses to passive movement but may be responsible, to a significant degree, for task-related activity during undisturbed performance. Thus, active position maintenance and active movement were probably accomplished, at least in part, by increasing and decreasing the influence of this pathway on specific area 4 neurons and thereby producing the patterns of area 4 activity responsible for task performance.

scholarly journals Responses of somatosensory area 2 neurons to actively and passively generated limb movements

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1505-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. London ◽  
Lee E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Motor Command ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Efference Copy ◽  
Forward Model ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Noisy Input ◽  
Neural Discharge ◽  
Passive Movements

Control of reaching movements requires an accurate estimate of the state of the limb, yet sensory signals are inherently noisy, because of both noise at the receptors themselves and the stochastic nature of the information representation by neural discharge. One way to derive an accurate representation from noisy sensor data is to combine it with the output of a forward model that considers both the previous state estimate and the noisy input. We recorded from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in macaques ( Macaca mulatta) during both active and passive movements to investigate how the proprioceptive representation of movement in S1 may be modified by the motor command (through efference copy). We found neurons in S1 that respond to one or both movement types covering a broad distribution from active movement only, to both, to passive movement only. Those neurons that responded to both active and passive movements responded with similar directional tuning. Confirming earlier results, some, but not all, neurons responded before the onset of volitional movements, possibly as a result of efference copy. Consequently, many of the features necessary to combine the forward model with proprioceptive feedback appear to be present in S1. These features would not be expected from combinations of afferent receptor responses alone.

scholarly journals The Cardiopulmonary effect of passive movement

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Loram ◽  
S. De Charmoy
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Limb Movement ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Neurosurgical Patients ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Passive Movements

Eleven articles were reviewed on the cardiopulmonary effects of passive movements. These included two articles on theneurological effects of passive movements. Of the eleven articles, four were considered to have level II evidence in accordance with Sackett’s rules of evidence. There was little consensus regarding the rate or duration of passive movements. There were some suggestions that upper limb movement produces a greater ventilatory response than lower limb movement. There was a statistically significant increase (p< 0.05) in minute ventilation when the movement was done at a rate of 40 repetitions per minute or more, but this change may not be clinically significant. Passive movements were not detrimental to neurosurgical patients with a normal or slightly elevated intracranial pressure, although the values of the intracranial pressure were not stated.  The studies were limited in that eight of the eleven had small sample sizes and most studies were conducted using normal subjects. Further studies with higher levels of evidence need to be  conducted to verify any results reported to date in the literature. Studies that are relevant to clinical practice also need to be conducted in populations such as sedated intensive care patients.

scholarly journals A new approach of inducing proprioceptive illusion by transcutaneous electrical stimulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Rangwani ◽  
Hangue Park
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Elbow Flexor ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Myotendinous Junction ◽  
Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Flexor Muscles ◽  
Elbow Flexor Muscles

Abstract Background Neurotraumas or neurodegenerative diseases often result in proprioceptive deficits, which makes it challenging for the nervous system to adapt to the compromised sensorimotor conditions. Also, in human machine interactions, such as prosthesis control and teleoperation, proprioceptive mismatch limits accuracy and intuitiveness of controlling active joints in robotic agents. To address these proprioceptive deficits, several invasive and non-invasive approaches like vibration, electrical nerve stimulation, and skin stretch have been introduced. However, proprioceptive modulation is still challenging as the current solutions have limitations in terms of effectiveness, usability, and consistency. In this paper, we propose a new way of modulating proprioception using transcutaneous electrical stimulation. We hypothesized that transcutaneous electrical stimulation on elbow flexor muscles will induce illusion of elbow joint extension. Method Eight healthy human subjects participated in the study to test the hypothesis. Transcutaneous electrodes were placed on different locations targeting elbow flexor muscles on human subjects and experiments were conducted to identify the best locations for electrode placement, and best electrical stimulation parameters, to maximize induced proprioceptive effect. Arm matching experiments and Pinocchio illusion test were performed for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the observed effects. One-way repeated ANOVA test was performed on the data collected in arm matching experiment for statistical analysis. Results We identified the best location for transcutaneous electrodes to induce the proprioceptive illusion, as one electrode on the muscle belly of biceps brachii short head and the other on the distal myotendinous junction of brachioradialis. The results for arm-matching and Pinocchio illusion tests showed that transcutaneous electrical stimulation using identified electrode location and electrical stimulation parameters evoked the illusion of elbow joint extension for all eight subjects, which supports our hypothesis. On average, subjects reported 6.81° angular illusion of elbow joint extension in arm-matching tests and nose elongated to 1.78 × height in Pinocchio illusion test. Conclusions Transcutaneous electrical stimulation, applied between the the synergistic elbow flexor muscles, consistently modulated elbow joint proprioception with the illusion of elbow joint extension, which has immense potential to be translated into various real-world applications, including neuroprosthesis, rehabilitation, teleoperation, mixed reality, and etc.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document