Characterizing the dynamics of energy flow through ecosystems requires quantifying the degree to which primary and secondary production are coupled. This coupling is expected to be tight in ecosystems with high internal production relative to external carbon and energy inputs. We experimentally quantified the dependence of aquatic insect emergence on fresh primary production, specifically for the midge population in Lake Myvatn, Iceland. Using field mesocosms, we manipulated algal primary production by reducing light availability via shading. We then used dissolved oxygen incubations to estimate fluxes of carbon through photosynthesis (i.e., gross primary production or "GPP") over the course of the experiment. We found that elevated GPP was associated with higher emergence rates of adults, as judged both by comparison of emergence across the experimental shading treatments and estimates of in situ GPP within the mesocosms. Furthermore, larger adults emerged earlier than smaller ones, suggesting that asymmetries in resource availability among individuals affected the timing of emergence. Nonetheless, midge emergence was substantial under light-limiting conditions, indicating that while midges benefit from primary production contemporaneous with larval development, they are also capable of completing their life cycles on carbon already existing in the organic matter pool. Our results show that even in systems with limited allochthonous inputs, contemporaneous primary production may be not necessary for high secondary production and insect emergence. Instead, consumers can develop from consumption of biomass derived from past autochthonous primary production. This suggests that primary production and consumer dynamics can be partially decoupled in time in systems that depend on internal production.
